THE PRIVATIZATION OF VIOLENCE*

Norbert Elias's (1939) work on “the civilizing process” highlighted the long‐term decline in violence within Western societies. A substantial amount of more recent anthropological and historical evidence suggests that violence has evolved not just quantitatively but qualitatively as well. In particular, the social characteristics of the parties to violence have changed over time. Drawing on Donald Black's (1976, 1993a) theoretical ideas on conflict management, the present paper proposes that as intimate social ties weakened and the state strengthened, collective and nonintimate forms of (nonpolitical) violence declined significantly. Consequently, violence increasingly became less public, more private. Pockets of residual public violence can, however, still be found within modern state societies. Privatization varies, then, across time and social space.     

Preserving the Identity Crisis: Autonomy,System and Sovereignty in European Law

This article uses Hans Kelsen's theory of a legalsystem to take a fresh look at European Community law,and the relationship between the European Community,its Member States, and international law. It arguesthat the basis of the Community's legal legitimacy isindeterminate, and offers a model to accommodate thatindeterminacy. This model is founded on aconstructivist approach suggested to be particularlyuseful in the EC context. Using this approach, it isargued that the concepts of system, autonomy andsovereignty in the Community can only be understoodthrough the recognition of a plurality of viewpoints,and that it is crucial, in describing the Community,to distinguish between a concept per se and thechoice to adopt that concept.     

Decision Making in Autocratic Regimes: A Poliheuristic Perspective

This paper applies the poliheuristic theory of foreign policy decision making to non-democratic states. Poliheuristic theory asserts that state leaders assign primary importance to their political survival; however, the meaning of "the political" varies dramatically from country to country. Furthermore, the types of actors who hold leaders politically accountable also vary between countries. Consequently, leaders often pursue vastly different means of ensuring their political survival. The author uses the common distinction between single-party, military, and personalist autocracies to show that apparently arbitrary differences in autocratic leaders' political concerns actually vary in systematic and potentially predictable ways. Because this argument is generalized to non-democratic states as a whole, it has important implications for the ways in which democratic states craft their policies toward autocracies.     

弘扬与时俱进的理论品质把握科学发展观的深刻内涵

与时俱进是马克思主义的基本理论品质,是中国共产党保持强大生命力的根本要求,理论创新和实践创新是马克思主义与时俱进品质的具体体现,科学发展观是马克思主义基本理论的再发展,是推动中国社会主义现代化建设的重要理论命题.     

从传播学视角看当前高校学报编辑的办刊理念

在当前高校学报改革、发展的形势下,学报编辑特别是地方性、行业性高校学报的编辑,要认识学报的传媒性质,树立受众需求至上、加强问题研究、重视深层传播效果的办刊理念,走内涵式发展的道路.     

新世纪妇女理论研究的视点探析

新世纪妇女理论研究面临的新环境、新课题和新要求 ,要求我国妇女理论研究应关注以下五个问题 :以全球化背景下国际社会普遍面临的妇女问题为核心的共生性问题研究 ;以应对体制转型时期女性突出问题为核心的对策性妇女问题研究 ;以促进妇女权益实现为核心的体制创新性妇女理论研究 ;以实现妇女问题解决为核心的条件性妇女理论研究 ;以探索中国妇女运动发展规律为核心的妇女理论研究     

发展是党执政兴国的第一要务:发展价值的崭新定位

“发展是党执政兴国的第一要务”是以江泽民为核心的第三代领导集体在继承第一、二代领导集体关于发展价值定位的历史经验基础上,从党的执政合法性的高度对发展价值做出的科学定位。这无论从物质基础、文化基础,还是从群众基础来看,都有着非常重要的意义。     

建国初期党的合法性基础与民主党派

合法性是政党执政的基础。建国初期党在对民主党派的政策与实践活动方面进行了大量探索,有效整合了社会各阶级、阶层的利益,获得了各民主党派的价值认同、制度认同和利益认同,拓展了执政的合法性资源,巩固了执政基础。     

美国的法律家长主义理论与实践

在美国法上,法律家长主义是指法律为了当事人自身的利益而限制其自治。在理论上,对法律家长主义争论主要是从法律经济学和法律价值论两个维度进行的,对家长主义式的规定有无效率、法律是否应保持价值中立和自治这一价值在法律中的地位进行探讨。在实践中,法律家长主义在美国合同法、行政法和宪法中有着广泛的应用,对当事人的缔约自由、表达自由、平等权等进行限制,对市场经济和社会保障中的某些行为予以规制。     

Schools and the prevention of petty crime: Search for a missing link

Earlier research on the relation between school features and petty crime suggests that schools can intentionally influence the crime rate of the pupils. These findings were the starting point for a Dutch study at secondary schools of the same type in Dutch towns. The study focused on effects on the delinquency of third-year low-stream pupils (aged 15–17). For the study a control theory was formulated, a conditional control theory, which, in contrast to Hirschi's social control theory, recognizes possible delinquent influences of the pupils' network. In the study a strong statistical relation between integration of pupils in school and petty crime was found. However, I found almost no influence of the studied school features on integration and petty crime. These results led to the question whether the real important feature of schools had been neglected in the study. This seems not to be the case. A multilevel analysis shows that it is unlikely that there is major impact of schools on the integration of pupils, on delinquency, or on the relationship between integration and delinquency. This can be the result of special aspects of the Dutch school system and of the neglect of theory in earlier research.