补肾调周法合少量性激素治疗肾气虚型青春期无排卵功能失调性子宫出血

［摘要］目的 探寻提高肾气虚型青春期无排卵功能失调性子宫出血临床疗效的治疗方法。方法 将60例肾气虚型青春期无排卵功能失调性子宫出血患者随机分为治疗组和对照组，每组各30例。开始时两组均采用雌激素和孕激素止血，下一周期开始，治疗组予中药补肾调周配合小剂量雌激素和孕激素治疗；对照组予阿胶当归口服液和右归胶囊配合小剂量雌激素和孕激素治疗。两组连续治疗3个月经周期。观察并比较两组综合疗效、主要诊断指标（包括月经情况和基础体温）疗效和肾气虚证候疗效。结果 治疗组综合疗效、主要诊断指标疗效和肾气虚证候疗效显著优于对照组（P<0.05）；在第3疗程末，治疗组疾病分级量化积分和中医证候积分显著低于对照组（P<0.05，或P<0.01）；组复发率比较，差异无统计学意义。结论 中药补肾调周法配合小剂量雌激素和孕激素治疗青春期无排卵功能失调性子宫出血能明显提高疗效。     

重楼总皂苷对人胃癌MNK-45和MGC80-3细胞增殖的影响

目的 观察重楼总皂苷(Rhizoma paridis total saponins，RPTS)对人胃癌MNK 45和MGC80 3细胞增殖的影响。方法 设定5个不同浓度（5、10、20、40、80 μg/ml）RPTS处理两种细胞24、48、72 h后，采用四甲基偶氮唑蓝(methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium，MTT)法测定MNK 45细胞和MGC80 3细胞增殖抑制率；设定浓度为10 μg/ml处理两种细胞24 h，采用吖啶橙/溴化乙锭（acridine orange/ethidium bromide, AO/EB）双染观察细胞形态学变化；设定浓度为10、20 μg/ml处理两种细胞6 h，用流式细胞仪测定细胞周期。结果 5～80 μg/ml RPTS对MNK 45和MGC80 3细胞增殖均具有显著的抑制作用(P<0.05，或P<0.01)，且药物剂量越大、作用时间越长，其抑制作用越强（P<0.01）；在相同药物浓度及相同作用时间下，RPTS对MNN 45细胞增殖的抑制作用较对MGC80 3作用显著增强（P<0.01）；RPTS作用于两种细胞后荧光显微镜下观察均显示细胞凋亡特征；RPTS使MNK 45细胞增殖被阻滞于G0/G1期，使MGC80 3细胞增殖被阻滞于S期。结论 RPTS能抑制人胃癌MNK 45和MGC80 3细胞增殖，诱导两种肿瘤细胞凋亡，影响两种肿瘤细胞周期时相的分布，但对两种肿瘤细胞株的抑制作用和对细胞周期时相的影响存在差异。     

Regulating the retirement age—Lessons from Nordic pension policy approaches

The likelihood that longevity will continue to increase has generated a search for regulation that make people work longer as they live longer, and thus not just containing pension expenditure but also enlarging labor supply, economic growth, and tax revenue. In public pension policy, Nordic countries have led the world with three types of approaches aimed at making people retire later. The first came when Sweden, followed by Finland and Norway, installed life expectancy coefficients in benefit calculation formulas. The second followed as Finland introduced age-related accrual rates and the third when Denmark indexed the pensionable age to developments in life expectancy. Since economic incentive-based regulations failed to raise exit ages sufficiently, Finland and Sweden subsequently linked pensionable ages to life expectancy like Denmark. While this policy brings out inequalities in health and workability, the fact that countries found it necessary to index the pensionable age to longevity instead of just relying on economic incentives in regulating retirement behavior may hold lessons for other countries.     

How regulations undervalue occupational fatalities

The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration establishes incentives for safety by setting and enforcing regulatory standards. Using four and a half decades of inspection data, this article provides a comprehensive analysis of the factors underpinning penalties following fatalities. The “fatality premium” for regulatory violations following a worker death is quite modest and is several orders of magnitude below the value-of-a-statistical-life figure needed to establish efficient levels of deterrence in the absence of all other financial incentives. Although there are low statutory caps on penalties, only 8% of the penalties for violations involving fatalities are constrained by the cap, suggesting that current statutes establish norms for reasonable penalty amounts. In situations involving a fatality at firms with union representation during the inspection, the enforcement sanctions are more stringent. Fatalities involving migrant laborers are less heavily penalized.