Social Inequality and the Perceived Income Justice Gap

This paper attempts to answer the question whether justice evaluations of income inequality in a society are determined more by country differences or by the social position an observer occupies. In very general terms what we study is whether, in shaping justice beliefs, cultural factors are more important than social-structural ones, or vice versa. In view of transformation societies, country differences are conflated with differences in the transformation processes the countries are experiencing. This is why we distinguish different types of transmations with regard to the postcommunist countries of Eastern and Central Europe testing empirically whether these transformation types exert influence on the justice beliefs, and how this influence compares to that of positional effects. With International Social Justice Project (ISJP) data of 1991 and 1996, we study the Czech Republic, Hungary, Russia, Bulgaria, East Germany, and—as a western referent society—West Germany. Main results are that in the early phase of transformation the different transformation types as well as social positions matter in shaping justice evaluations, over time, however, the types of transformation clearly lose influence. In 1996, compared to 5 years earlier, the countries have become similar in that most of the variation in the perception of the income justice must now be attributed to the positional differences of individuals. We conclude that the characteristics of the transformation processes decrease in importance for determining public views about social justice. In this respect, the transformation societies of Eastern and Central Europe may well be on the route to becoming more like western societies.     

Electoral outcomes and satisfaction with democracy: A comparison of regional and national elections

Subnational governments have become more numerous and more powerful around the world, increasing the importance of subnational elections. However, we still know little about the impact of regional electoral outcomes on citizens' political support, and there is no systematic comparison of the impact of election outcomes on citizens' satisfaction with democracy. In this research note, we provide such a comparison by investigating how the winner-loser gap in citizens’ satisfaction with democracy differs across regional and national elections. Using data from Canada, Germany and Spain, we first show that there is a winner-loser gap in satisfaction with democracy following regional elections. The winner-loser gap at the regional level is, however, substantially smaller than the one generated by national election outcomes. Next, we find heterogeneous effects for voters who believe that the regional government strongly influences their quality of life. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings.     

对贫富差距的理性思考

改革开放以来,我国在政治、经济、文化等诸多方面都取得了举世瞩目的伟大成就。事实雄辩地证明了改革开放是决定当代中国命运的关键抉择,方向和道路是完全正确的,成效和功绩不容否定。但是随着改革的深入,出现了许多深层次的矛盾和问题。本文就我国目前存在的贫富差距问题进行了深入思考,分析了贫富差距产生的诸多原因,阐述了对贫富差距的看法以及缓解贫富差距扩大的措施。     

城乡居民收入分配现状及其对策的思考

建国以来 ,我党一直在为提高人民的生活水平而努力 ,其中有很多宝贵的经验和深刻的教训 ,特别是 1978年改革开放以来 ,我国居民个人收入总量急剧增加。然而 ,居民收入分配差距也在不断扩大。本文列举了居民收入分配差距不断拉大的几种主要原因 ,并且根据我国收入差距演变的情况 ,提出了适合我国国情的对策 ,以求实现缩小居民收入差距 ,达到共同富裕的目的。     

黄芩苷对高糖环境下肾小球系膜细胞缝隙连接蛋白43表达的影响

目的 研究黄芩苷对高糖环境下肾小球系膜细胞(glomerular mesangial cell, GMC)中缝隙连接蛋白43（connexin 43,Cx43）表达的影响。方法 将体外培养的大鼠GMC分为6组：低糖组,高糖组,黄芩苷低、中、高剂量组,蛋白激酶C（protein kinase C, PKC）抑制剂组。培养72 h后,收集细胞并提取细胞总蛋白,Western-blot法检测黄芩苷对高糖环境下GMC中PKC和Cx43表达的影响,用划痕标记染料示踪技术检测黄芩苷对GMC缝隙链接通讯功能(gap junction intercellular communication,GJIC)的影响。〖JP〗结果 Western-blot结果显示,与低糖组比较,高糖组中PKC蛋白表达量显著增加（P<0.01）,Cx43蛋白表达量显著减少（P<0.01）;黄芩苷呈剂量依赖性降低PKC蛋白表达水平,升高Cx43蛋白表达水平。划痕标记染料示踪实验结果显示：与低糖组比较,高糖组GMC的GJIC功能缺乏,未向邻近细胞传输;与高糖组比较,PKC抑制剂组罗氏黄荧光染料向划痕两侧邻近细胞传输的层数较黄芩苷各剂量组明显增多,黄芩苷各剂量组呈剂量依赖性地增加传递的层数。结论 黄芩苷可剂量依赖性地抑制高糖环境下GMC中PKC的异常活化,从而上调Cx43表达,恢复GJIC的功能。     

中国城镇化长期趋势研究

城镇化决定着城乡劳动力市场的供给，对社会经济有重要影响。研究提出了无农村经济联系城 镇化率、基于居住地的城镇化率和基于职业的城镇化率的概念，并构建了城镇化经济动力学模型，以预测城镇 化的长期趋势。研究发现：如果存在城乡收入差距，则城镇化将持续；如果城乡收入差距较大，则城镇化进程 加快；如果城乡收入实现了均等化，则城镇化终止，这时所实现的城镇化就是长期的城镇化。研究使用中国、 美国、日本和韩国的数据验证了这一分析。研究认为，要提高我国城镇化的速度和质量，就要对相关制度进行 改革，使农业以自耕农的规模经营为主，让离开农村的城镇居民脱离与农村的经济联系。     

Explaining Australia–Japan security cooperation and its prospects: ‘the interests that bind?’

In this paper, we assess the drivers of, and prospects for, further security cooperation in the Australia–Japan bilateral relationship. We argue that while balance of threat and capability gaps may restrain the pace of deepening Australian-Japan security relations, these gaps are diminishing and are, in any case, secondary to the specific shared interests we posit as the primary drivers of Australia–Japan security cooperation. These specific interests, however, are shaped not only by a commitment in both countries to liberal-based principles and freedoms at home and in inter-state relations, but also by a common awareness of the importance of continued US primacy to the ongoing maintenance of those interests. Thus, in the absence of any fundamental change in how Australia and Japan understand their respective interests and the US role in the region, Donald Trump's recent and unexpected election as US president notwithstanding, we conclude that the case for further security cooperation – via additional cross-bracing of their respective US alliance relationships – will almost certainly remain compelling for both countries.     

中国工会覆盖效应下的工资溢价实证研究 —— 来自 2012年雇员雇主匹配数据的经验

笔者基于 2012 年雇员雇主匹配数据，采用 Blinder-Oaxaca 分解的方法对工会覆盖效应下的工 资溢价问题进行了实证研究。实证结果显示，工会对工会企业和非工会企业的平均工资差距影响不明显；工会 企业和非工会企业的工资差异主要由特征差异引起；工会并没有通过人力资本显著影响工资差距；工会通过劳 动合同和集体合同影响了工资总体差距；工会可以减少性别工资歧视等。     

Process Tracing in Public Administration: The Implications of Practitioner Insights for Methods of Inquiry

The field of public administration is often seen as a late adopter of cutting-edge research methods. Related disciplines like political science use more advanced research methods for single or small-n case studies including techniques like process tracing. Many elements of process tracing are analogous to investigations. To inform process tracing practices, political scientists looked at Sherlock Holmes novels. We draw on the experiences of a police inspector and a former soldier who worked with intelligence to offer insights on the implementation of process tracing, bridge the academic–practitioner gap, and increase the methodological rigor in public administration research.     

Internet as a source of information for tourists The case of Croatia

This paper presents the results of empirical research conducted during the summer 2007 on the Dalmatian coast in Croatia about how much tourists used the Internet as a source of information. Precisely, because tourism is an important part of Croatian economy, it is in everyone＇s interest for information about Croatia as a tourist destination to be available to potential guests. A variety of media are used in achieving that aim--starting with conventional speech and conversation amongst friends, through radio, television and the press, and now the Internet. This paper has the aim of exploring the share of Internet usage as a source of information compared to other media and showing some characteristics of tourists who have used the Internet as the main source of information and spent their vacations in Croatia in July and August in 2007. The main hypothesis is the continuing problem of the generation and education gap and that the Internet does not jeopardize direct communication.