论法国民法典的宪法化

《法国民法典》具有极为崇高的地位，为形成和维系大革命以来的法兰西社会提供了重要的法律基础。但20世纪80年代以来，法国宪法法院通过合宪性审查不断使民法典受到宪法规范的约束、辐射和渗透，实现了路易·法沃赫教授所说的“宪法化”。30余年的宪法化进程使民法与宪法的关系进入了一种规范语境，民法典在规范上已经受到宪法的切实约束，同时，民法典作为“真正宪典”的社会作用也逐渐被人权宣言所取代。在探讨民法与宪法的关系时，“民法典是真正宪典”这一社会学命题不应错误地扩大到规范领域，更不能不顾时代变迁，忽视宪法化的时代背景。     

浅谈语境对二语阅读理解的作用

为了更好地传递信息,人类必须把握住原语言的意义。然而,脱离语境的词义具有歧义性、多义性和模糊性,会导致整个信息传达不准确。语境指真实的语言环境。它是限制语言使用的不同因素的总和。意义理解指正确理解特定材料给出的一定环境下的原语言。它不仅涵盖了对词的理解,还包括对文章的理解。脱离了语境,没有人可以理解任何对象的真义。语境在意义理解中起到束缚和限制的作用。为了得到某个词、句、段的确切意义,就要在语境中研究意义,即"语境中的意义",这对学习二语的人们而言是十分必要的。     

荒诞不经与法律真实——论鬼神观念与古代司法中的事实认定

法律真实渗透着参与主体的主观因素,具有历史性。在中国古代,司法官员会因鬼神观念而影响自己对事实的认定并据此作出判决;同时为了主流价值观的发扬,他们又会利用民众的鬼神观念,让民众接受他们构造出的＂事实＂,从而接受法官的判决。古代中国这种＂法律真实＂是社会规则作用下的结果,既有符合司法权运作普遍规律的成分,同时又有自己的特点。     

商务口译的形式模态及其语境化特征

商务口译是国际商务活动中最常见的语际传播行为，其生活形式的模态赋予其特殊的语境体系。本文对商务口译语境特征的哲学意义及其语际传播过程的语境化特征两大方面进行了探讨，并阐述了商务口译语境的动态性、时问的封闭性、空间的开放性、蕴涵的复杂性、知识的无限性，这为商务口译的译语推理提供了充分依据，也对其实践提出了挑战。     

Intuition or Counterintuition? The Science behind the Art of Negotiation

This article celebrates the achievements made by the community of negotiation researchers. Looking back on what has been accomplished, the article addresses three questions: How have we thought about negotiation? How have we studied it? And what have we discovered through conducting research? Of particular interest are counterintuitive findings about processes at the negotiating table, around the table, and away from the table. Building on these contributions, the article looks forward by asking: What are some avenues for further research? The article concludes optimistically by noting that there will be even more to celebrate at the journal's fiftieth anniversary.     

The Macroeconomic Effects of 2017 Through 2025 Federal Fuel Economy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards

In the absence of a national carbon price, the federal Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards and the related greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) standards are the primary mechanisms through which the U.S. reduces transportation GHG emissions. In 2012, these standards were set to rise for light‐duty vehicles between 2017 and 2025, eventually achieving a target of 54.5 miles per gallon in 2025. Since 2012, conditions have changed: forecasts of future gasoline prices have dropped dramatically, consumers have demanded larger vehicles, and the cost of compliance appears to be larger than previously thought. In this article, we analyze the possible macroeconomic effects of the standards with both 2012 inputs and updated inputs to reflect these new market developments. The results reveal that the short‐term effects of the federal standards will be negative, but the long‐term effects will be positive, using both 2012 and updated inputs. The transition from annual negative employment impacts to positive impacts occurs between 2023 and 2026, depending on which set of assumptions are used. Possible revisions to the standards that freeze them at 2020 levels or decrease their stringency reduce short‐term negative impacts but also reduce long‐term positive impacts. We conclude with a discussion of policy implications as they relate to the current energy and climate policy conditions.     

Post-Soviet Society and Russia’s Macroeconomic Statistics

This article investigates the causes of the distorted macroeconomic statistics in the Russian Federation. It introduces alternative methods for the estimation of gross domestic product (GDP) growth, and the growth and amount of fixed capital stock, and estimates them by drawing on alternative data. Our estimates for the period of 1992–2015 differ substantially from those reported by the Russian Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat). According to our estimates, GDP declined by 10.2 percent, which is in sharp contrast with the official estimate reporting growth of 13.4 percent. The same is found with regard to labor productivity, for which we find a decline of 30.1 percent instead of a growth of 9.2 percent. Accordingly, the full book value of fixed capital stock shrunk by 29.2 percent instead of the officially reported 50.9 percent growth. The drop in the residual value of fixed capital is estimated at 52.6 percent. The ratio of replacement to book value of fixed capital fluctuated between 4:1 in the middle of the period and 7:1 toward the end of the period. Additionally, we estimate the amount of investment in human and physical capital necessary for producing 3 percent annual GDP growth. Financing such investment would require a decline in personal consumption by about a factor of 2, with a greater part of it falling on the better off population strata. Finally, we make suggestions regarding income redistribution.     

目前中国宏观经济：态势及调控

宏观经济态势判断问题,是一个重要而复杂的问题。准确判断宏观经济运行态势,需要把握好几个原则性问题。目前中国经济最困难时期已经过去,但内在稳定机制尚未恢复,导致中国经济衰退的直接原因和根本矛盾依然存在。当前中国宏观经济调控的正确选择是,保持政策扩张倾向,减弱政策扩张力度;继续扩大需求,着力压缩供给;大力调整收入分配结构;加快推进城市化进程。     

Marriage and Desistance from Crime in the Netherlands: Do Gender and Socio-Historical Context Matter?

Over the last two decades, research examining desistance from crime in adulthood has steadily increased. The evidence from this body of research consistently demonstrates that salient life events—in particular, marriage—are associated with a reduction of offending across the life course. However, previous studies have been largely limited to male samples in the United States. As a result, questions regarding the universal effect of these relationships remain. Specifically, research is needed to assess whether the desistance effect of life events like marriage varies by gender and/or socio-historical context in countries other than the U.S. The present research addresses these gaps by examining the relationship between marriage and criminal offending using data from the Criminal Career and Life Course Study (CCLS). The CCLS includes criminal conviction histories spanning a large portion of the life course for nearly 5,000 men and women convicted in the Netherlands in 1977. Because we assess change over multiple observations within and between individuals, we utilize hierarchical models to estimate gender and contextual effects of marriage on criminal offending (i.e., any, violent, and property convictions). Overall, we find consistent support for the idea that marriage reduces offending across gender and socio-historical context. Notably, we find that the reduction in the odds of offending due to marriage is significantly greater for individuals in the most contemporary context. The implications of these findings are discussed.

从何以可能到现实路径——关于当前哲学对话问题的沉思

哲学对话的重要性,已经取得学界的共识。在当前的中国语境之下,如何加强不同哲学,尤其是中、西、马哲学之间的对话和交流?问题的厘清必须从中、西、马哲学的对话何以可能谈起,从何以能对话(前提根据)、为什么对话(目的意义)到以什么对话(话题内容)的分析进路,不仅是对话问题的展开逻辑,而且内在地蕴含着对如何来对话,即中、西、马哲学对话的现实路径这一问题的解答。