Measuring the impact of law enforcement on organized crime

This article explores the possibility of measuring the impact of law enforcement on organized crime in a reliable and accountable manner, both in general terms and with a practical focus on the Canadian context. In considering measures to combat organized crime, a focus on process measurement has obscured the more substantial question of progress as regards the dependent variable itself: the bottom line of reducing the impact of organized criminal behaviour. While outcome measures are more challenging to identify than process measures, this fact alone does not minimize the need to demonstrate the connection between organized crime enforcement and its presumed outcomes to a greater degree of certainty. To date, this has not been realized to any significant degree, as revealed by a review of existing international approaches to measuring the impact of enforcement activity. The article argues that a multidisciplinary focus on community level indicators of crime, if initially less accessible than process measures of impact on organized crime groups, offers promise as a measurement of absolute and relative impact of state investment in enforcement.

Dominance of pre-analytical over analytical variation for measurement of methadone and its main metabolite in postmortem femoral blood

On the basis of simultaneously sampled postmortem blood specimens from the left and right femoral veins the pre-analytical variation of methadone measurements was evaluated and compared to the analytical variation. The material consisted of a series of 27 duplicate samples from routine autopsy cases comprising mainly drug addicts. A chiral LC-MS/MS method was used for measurement of the R- and S-enantiomers of methadone and its main metabolite 2-ethyl-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolinium (EDDP). The analytical CV% was determined to be in the range 3-4% for methadone enantiomers and 4-6% for EDDP enantiomers. The total measurement uncertainty (CV(T)) was estimated from the pre-analytical variation (CV(PA)), analytical variation proper (CV(A)), and variation related to calibration (traceability) (CV(Cal)) according to the relationship CV(T) = [CV(2)(PA) + CV(2)(A) + CV(2)(cal)](0.5). Uncertainty related to calibration concerned a component related to the purity of drug reference compound and a contribution from the production of calibrator solutions (CV(Cal)<1%). Pre-analytical sampling variation was estimated from the duplicate measurements of blood samples after subtraction of the analytical component. The pre-analytical variation amounted to a CV% of 19-21% for R- and S-methadone and 30-38% for R- and S-EDDP, i.e. considerably larger than the other components. Due to the squared addition principle, the resulting total uncertainty (CV(T)) became largely identical to the CV(PA), i.e. 19-21% for R- and S-methadone and 31-38% for R- and S-EDDP enantiomers. Accordingly, CV(T) exceeded CV(A) by a factor 5 or more. Dominance of the pre-analytical component of variation may also be likely for other compounds measured in postmortem blood samples. Thus, the width of the 95%-uncertainty interval (+/-2CV(T)) for a postmortem measurement is largely determined by the pre-analytical component of variation. This should be kept in mind when judging on the uncertainty of postmortem measurement results.     

法律概念的生成

在形式上,法律概念的生成大致借助继承、移植、革新和创造而完成。但这仅仅具有发生学意义。在实质上,法律概念的生成必须通过价值上的衡量而对概念之特征进行取舍。但对法律概念生成之形式与实质的区分,仅仅是一种叙事策略上的考虑,实际上,法律概念的生成,乃是一个立法者之目光来回往返于形式与内容之间的权衡与取舍过程。     

PROJECTED OFFENDING AND CONTEMPORANEOUS RULE‐VIOLATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR HETEROTYPIC CONTINUITY*

This study integrated two methodologies, the vignette‐based survey and the randomized laboratory experiment, to investigate the relationship between projected and actual offending behavior. Findings indicate that respondents' estimates of the likelihood they would drive drunk in a hypothetical vignette were positively correlated with whether they simultaneously cheated on a laboratory task to earn a cash bonus. Implications are discussed for both the prospective measurement and heterotypic continuity of criminal and antisocial behavior.     

网络政治参与行为的政治心理机制分析——基于项目反应理论的测量

项目反应理论可以更加科学地测量权利观、权威观等复杂的政治心理概念,探析网络政治参与的政治心理机制。可能影响网络政治参与的政治心理包括基础价值、宏观制度感知和具体行为感知,前两者反映网络政治参与“心理型视角”的解释机制,具体行为感知反映“工具型视角”的解释机制。网民的公正感、权威感、国家认同影响公民的网络政治参与,具体行为感知的影响则不显著。网络政治参与行为更多受到“心理型视角”的要素影响。对于网络政治参与的引导和规范,政府不仅需要大力发展电子政务,提供更便捷的技术平台,还需要加强公民政治教育,规范网络政治参与行为。     

刑法中的身份犯散论

身份犯是刑法学中的一个重要范畴 ,通过对各种观点的述评 ,认为 :身份犯是指刑法中具有一定身份的行为人才能构成的犯罪 ,或者具有一定身份的行为人实施某种犯罪予以从严或从宽处罚的情形。身份犯一般可分为纯正身份犯和不纯正身份犯两种 ,从我国现行刑法的规定来看 ,身份犯亦可分为自然人身份犯和单位身份犯。鉴于贪污贿赂犯罪是最为严重的一类身份犯罪 ,建议 :(1)协调贪污、受贿罪与盗窃、诈骗罪的定罪量刑数额标准 ;(2 )纠正贪污、受贿罪死刑适用标准过高的做法 ;(3)同时犯贪污、受贿二罪的 ,实行“二罪一罚” ;(4)提高巨额财产来源不明罪法定刑至死刑。     

Evaluation and Social Impact Measurement Amongst Small to Medium Social Enterprises: Process,Purpose and Value

In recent years, the imperative to communicate organisational impacts to a variety of stakeholders has gained increasing importance within all sectors. Despite growing external demands for evaluation and social impact measurement, there has been limited critically informed analysis about the presumed importance of these activities to organisational success and the practical challenges faced by organisations in undertaking such assessment. In this paper, we present the findings from an action research study of five Australian small to medium social enterprises’ practices and use of evaluation and social impact analysis. Our findings have implications for social enterprise operators, policy makers and social investors regarding when, why and at what level these activities contribute to organisational performance and the fulfilment of mission.     

论正义观对犯罪人刑事责任的影响——以正义观内涵的非恒定性为视角

社会关系决定下的正义具有主观性、具体性和变动性等特征,它在一个社会立法、司法、执法全过程中起着根本的指导作用,并直接决定着对法律的解释和对事实的认定,决定着定罪和量刑。正视正义的动态特征,对于正确处理案件,实现社会利益的平衡具有重要理论和现实意义。     

论思想政治教育实效的客观考量

思想政治教育实效是思想政治教育实践活动取得的实际效果。实效是实践的客观效果、教育主体追求的目标、社会的期望。思想政治教育的实效需要客观考量。无论是实践的必然结果,还是实践追求的目标,抑或社会的期待和要求,都需要有一个客观的评价标准。思想政治教育实效考量标准的客观性：考量标准制定原则的客观性;考量的内容要具有客观性;考量方法的客观性;主观标准要具有客观性。     

氢化物原子荧光法测定人发中砷含量的不确定度评定

目的评定氢化物原子荧光法测定人发中砷含量的不确定度。方法以人发标准样品为分析对象,依据化学分析中不确定度的评估指南等指导性文件,分析测定过程中砷含量测定值（C）、样品处理后的总体积（V）、样品称量值（m）以及重复测量（rep）等多个不确定度分量,计算检测结果的合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度。结果本文方法测定人发中砷含量的不确定度评定结果为：人发样品中砷的含量为（0.57±0.06）mg/kg,置信概率（p）=95%,自由度（υeff）=4。结论本文方法测量不确定度的主要来源是重复性和校准曲线,测定结果在标准物质给出的含量范围之内。