论企业女职工生育成本的分配——职业过程性别歧视现象分析

职业过程中性别歧视现象存在主要是因为女职工在孕产期产生的总成本在个人、企业和国家三者之间进行分配的过程中,女职工无力抗衡而承担了大量成本所致。为解决这个问题,应当建立起生育成本分担的社会化体系。     

公安机关社会管理创新的路径选择及相关问题思考

新时期公安机关社会管理工作面临着市场经济发展、社会结构分化、互联网普及、民众权利意识增强等新的社会形势所带来的严峻挑战，因此社会管理创新势在必行。公安机关社会管理创新应在以人为本、执政为民，提高科学化水平和法治化水平的价值取向下通过管理主体、管理方式和管理体制机制创新三个层面进行探索。而建立长效机制是公安机关社会管理创新持续性的保障，具体应通过设立创新管理机构、拓宽创新思路来源渠道、建立创新成果考评机制、建立奖励激励机制、推广和应用创新成果等五个方面进行建设。     

社区矫正检察监督的理论根基、域外经验与模式选择

社区矫正是为预防犯罪而设计的相互关联的一系列项目,它旨在允许犯了罪的人进行自我改善,并为其提供相应的机会,使其不致再危害公共秩序和安全。对管制、缓刑与假释考验期内的犯罪分子实行社区矫正,检察机关参与这一过程的检察监督,是贯彻实施社会管理创新活动的重要举措。     

政治地位中的性别差距

全球范围内存在着程度不同的政治地位性别差距问题。造成政治性别差距的显性因素已经随着历史发展过程的推进而逐渐破除，但是形成政治地位上性别差距的隐性因素如文化、制度和人自身仍然在实践中大量存在，需要进一步关注和研究。去除我国女性政治发展边缘化隐性因素的关键在于：通过多种方式尤其是在媒体传播中增强社会性别意识，创造有利的文化舆论环境；公共政策尤其是党政干部的培养选拔要防止产生无意识损害女性群体政治权利的问题；女性领导者自身增强职业发展规划意识，实现从优秀到卓越的跨越。     

CAN SELF‐CONTROL CHANGE SUBSTANTIALLY OVER TIME? RETHINKING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF‐ AND SOCIAL CONTROL*

The primary goals of this study were to test the long‐term stability thesis of Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) general theory of crime and to examine the relationship between self‐control and social control over time. The data come from a field experiment where the “treatment” consisted of an intentional effort to improve the childrearing behaviors of a sample of caregivers whose children were at high risk of criminal behavior. Caregivers in the control condition were given no such training. The intervention occurred when all subjects were in the first grade (mean age: 6.2 years old), and we have measurements on self‐control and the social control/bond for each subject from grades 6 to 11 (mean ages: 12 to 17 years old). Both a hierarchical linear model and a second‐order latent growth model identified meaningful differences in the growth pattern of self‐control among individuals in the pooled sample and a difference in the growth parameters for self‐control and the social control/bond over time between the treatment and control groups. Both findings are inconsistent with Gottfredson and Hirschi's stability of self‐control hypothesis. The same patterns persisted when different analytic techniques and model specifications were applied, which suggests that the results are not an artifact of measurement error, model specification, or statistical methods. Structural equation modeling using the panel design of the data was better able to disentangle the long‐term relationship between self‐ and social control—a relationship that was found to be more dynamic than previously hypothesized.     

平衡阀在供热系统中的应用

介绍本公司平衡阀应用过程中选型、调节的经验。平衡阀的应用不仅给供热单位带来良好的经济效益 ,同时还创造一定的社会效益 ,具有很高的推广应用价值。     

西方近代所有权立法的三大前提——所有权的伦理学、经济学、法哲学思考

西方近代所有权制度之确立有赖于如下三种理论假设 :人性恶假设构成所有权之伦理学基础 ,资源稀缺性理论构成所有权之经济学基础 ,理性秩序假设构成所有权之哲学基础。本文结合西方先进立法经验 ,具体分析西方近代社会所有权立法及其现代转型过程中的价值定位在于确立了私人所有权应有的历史地位及其现实整合功能 ,使所有权立法价值抉择趋于权利私法化、社会资源市场化、社会财富分配的正义性等民法理念 ,最终导致所有权立法中确立了以私人所有权为核心价值的三大基本原则 ;保护合理需求原则、资源分配与交换的正义法则、私权神圣原则     

Evaluating the impact of IMF programs: A comparison of matching and instrumental-variable estimators

We examine the impact of IMF programs on economic performance in 95 developing countries over the period 1993–2002. Three macroeconomic measures of economic performance are considered: the real per capita economic growth rate, the ratio of the fiscal surplus to GDP, and the ratio of the current account surplus to GDP. Three estimation techniques are used: censored-sample, full-sample instrumental-variable, and matching. Substantively, we find little statistical support that IMF programs contemporaneously improve real economic growth in participating countries, but stronger evidence of an improvement in economic growth in years following a program. We find that both the fiscal ratio and the current-account ratio improve contemporaneously with IMF participation relative to the counterfactual, with effects in succeeding years differing little from the impact effects. We conclude that the program-effect estimates of matching and other estimators will differ largely because of the sample included in estimation. Matching by its nature excludes country episodes associated with extreme values of the propensity score, while the instrumental-variable estimator includes those. If there is heterogeneity of performance response in extreme vs. moderate cases, the estimates differ systematically between the two techniques. JEL codes F33 · F34 · C34     

Predicting pretrial misconduct with drug tests of arrestees: Evidence from eight settings

Identifying defendants at high risk of pretrial misconduct is a major problem for the judiciary. Currently, some have argued that testing arrestees for recent drug use is one way to distinguish between those who will and those who will not commit pretrial misconduct. The research reported here questions whether the incremental predictive power resulting from drug testing always improves predictions of pretrial misconduct. Using survival analysis to study time until rearrest and a probit model to analyze the occurrence of a failure to appear, we show that urine test results have no consistent power to predict pretrial misconduct after accounting for defendant's criminal records, community ties, and other factors commonly known by the court. These results are based on our analysis of eight data sets from different locales, time periods, and age groups.     

女性个人自主性:解读离婚现象的新视角

本文通过对两个离婚个案的研究,从女性个人自主性的视角来考察在离婚的过程中不同的主体意识对离婚事件的影响。离婚事件中个体行为的差异实质上是女性个人自主性的反应,而个人自主性的程度与个体在社会结构中的位置有关。女性在家庭和社会中的双重角色在两个相反的方向上起作用:一方面,造成了她们周旋于家庭和社会的双重负担,使之成为弱势群体;而另一方面,又为个人自主性的成长提供了可选择的空间。离婚观念的不同,也和自主性有关。