United in Diversity? Asymmetry in Indian Federalism

Many studies highlight constitutional asymmetry as a desirablefeature of federal systems in multinational countries. Thisarticle looks at India which, mainly because of the specialprovisions for Kashmir in the 1950 constitution and the statusof newer small states in the north-east, is generally describedas asymmetrically federal. I show that, while India exhibitsconsiderable de facto asymmetry, asymmetry in the constitutionalpowers granted to individual states has (i) not been importantfor India's ability to ‘hold together’ as oftenassumed and (ii) not entailed special protection of culturalor national minorities. I thus cast doubt on the normative politicalphilosophy, particularly informed by Canadian and Spanish debates,that advances the idea of asymmetrical federalism as a modelof governance in potentially divided societies.     

统一多民族国家的宪制建构——新中国成立初期民族区域自治制度的奠基历程

对于民族区域自治制度在我国的确立,《共同纲领》的宪政宣示尽管具有最为重要的合法性确认意义,但这一基本宪政制度的真正奠基,则有赖于民族识别、民族干部培养、少数民族地方民主改革等一系列相关政治实践。这其中,少数民族地方民主改革可视为我国民族区域自治制度奠基的关键,它直接决定了新中国的民族治理制度是否坚持和贯彻了社会主义方向这一民族区域自治制度的最实质所在。同时,新中国通过将民族区域自治制度作为我国民族治理的基本宪政制度,也实现了清末以来多民族大国的民族—国家建构的真正飞跃。     

International Patent Strategies of Small and Large Firms: An Empirical Study of Nanotechnology

The aim of this article is to investigate to what extent small‐firm foreign patents differ from those of their larger counterparts. The research setting consists of the population of U.S.‐owned small and large businesses with patent applications at the World International Patent Organization during 1996–2006 in the emerging field of nanotechnology. Findings reveal a significant and growing contribution of small firms to the globalization of patents. The analysis also suggests that small‐firm patents tend to be more novel and embedded in domestic innovation networks than large‐firm patents. Policy implications are multiple, including putting international patenting on the policy agenda and helping highly innovative small companies to explore foreign commercial opportunities in new markets of capital and technology.     

“自由”与“不自由”:高科技跨国公司的政治化与国家化

由于高科技或新技术本身具有一定的公共产品特性,并且决定着一个国家的综合国力,因此高科技的发展与一国内部政治及国家间竞争的关联度逐渐加大。一方面,企业利益进一步与国家利益重合,高科技跨国公司在开展跨国业务时愈发受到母国与东道国“政治正确”的规制;另一方面,在逆全球化背景下,国家对技术的理解形成了较为明确的技术主权观念,高科技跨国公司与母国之间的“捆绑”由此亦愈发明显。在此背景下,随着西方排他性技术同盟的形成,非西方的高科技跨国企业遭受打压的态势在中短期内并不会缓解,国家间、企业间的技术合作将极大受阻,全球技术进步的成本和门槛也将因此显著提升,最终影响人类的整体利益。对中国而言,一方面,要继续扩大开放,坚持技术多边主义,积极推动跨国技术合作;另一方面,仍需凸显技术进步过程中的国家角色,建构国家引导下的以高科技跨国企业为主体的技术创新体系,最终实现关键核心技术的自主可控。     

论破产之跨国银行分支机构的法律地位

就跨国银行进入破产程序后,其分支机构法律地位问题,理论上有两种相对立的原则：一是单一实体原则,二是独立实体原则。在缺乏统一的法典化的国际解决方法的情况下,世界各国的实践做法有两种：一是把银行的分支机构与银行本身隔离开来,把分支机构作为一个独立法律主体另行启动破产清算程序,即所谓的绝缘防范政策;二是基于礼让或互惠,尊重跨国银行与其分支机构组织属性上的单一性和完整性,有条件地承认他国司法判决或给予合作。最后,该文就国务院制定金融机构破产实施办法提出了两点相关建议：就跨国银行破产中分支机构法律地位问题不宜空白;跨国银行分支机构的法律地位宜采取有条件的单一实体原则。     

跨国企业“失德”的法律规制研究

作为全球经济枢纽,跨国企业对于东道国经济发展与社会进步有着毋庸置疑的推动效用.伴随着发展中国家权利意识的觉醒与社会观念的普遍形成,跨国企业的负外部性逐渐凸显.近年来,在华跨国企业失德事件屡禁不止,这些事件折射出跨国企业社会责任意识的缺失以及相应法律规制的效果欠佳.跨国企业在社会影响力、行业控制力以及行业潜力方面有着自身的特殊性.从跨国企业的特殊性出发,寻找一条特殊的规制路径极为必要.现代政府规制理论提倡建立一种集体性规制与自我性规制相结合的规制方式.对于跨国企业来说,就是建立强有力的市场监管与社会责任规制相结合的双轨规制方式。     

民族团结是中国走向强励的基本保证

世界上许多国家都是多民族共存的。追求团结统一是多民族国家稳定发展的根本 ,是中华民族共同的价值取向和心愿。各民族紧密团结是马克思主义处理民族关系的根本原则之一。我们必须坚定地维护民族团结。     

Coalition Quality and Multinational Dispute Outcomes1

Multinational military coalitions are an increasingly common phenomena in international conflict, presumably because coalitions are more likely to secure their conflict aims than single states. Yet what makes a coalition more or less likely to succeed is poorly understood. We argue that the quality of multinational military coalitions—in terms of the coalition’s skill, coordination, and legitimacy—can provide better strategic decisions, more harmonious relations within the coalition, and thus a greater chance of securing conflict aims. Empirical testing reveals that elements of coalition quality do in fact affect the probability of military success: a history of success, both alone and with the same coalition partners, predicts military success. Moreover, increasing a coalition’s legitimacy via more diverse members has a weak effect, indicating that diversity comes at the expense of coordination and cooperation challenges. Last, we find that elements of coalition quality affect initiating and defending coalitions differently.     

Current challenges to multinational federalism in India

India’s multinational federation has experienced multiple challenges in the last 25 years, relating to the rise of coalition politics and the process of economic liberalization, both of which have increased the power of some of the states of the federation at the expense of others. The internal borders of India continue to be restructured, with the latest state, Telangana, created in 2014. India is often seen as a successful multinational federation, but it is important to recognize the limitations of this success, as well as the areas where the rise of an aggressive Hindu nationalism poses a powerful threat to India’s multinational federal democracy.     

竞争政策规制与多边规则

当世界贸易大量增长,跨国投资快速增加,多国性企业逐渐在国际经济活动中扮演重要角色之后,贸易法和竞争法传统上互不跨越之界限早已不复存在。在国际社会已对贸易立法进行了多边规制之时,结合贸易、竞争政策和国内放松管制之间的互补关系,对竞争政策规制与多边规则进行探析具有一定的现实意义。