反就业歧视的法律思考

作为国际社会的重要成员,我国批准、加入了一系列禁止歧视的国际公约,但由于种种原因,就业歧视已成为我国当前一个突出的社会问题。解决这一问题,除了传统观念的更新、相关制度的变革外,主要还得从法律制度上着手,借鉴国际反歧视立法之成功经验,构建适合中国国情的反就业歧视法律制度。     

Municipal Democratisation in Rural Latin America: Methodological Insights from Ecuador

As municipal governments in Latin America acquire greater responsibility for public goods and services and the promotion of economic and social development, and play a greater role in local citizenship, questions about the quality of municipal democracy also need to be taken much more seriously. This article proposes a 'relative power approach' that examines the distribution of social power at the microregional level and its impact on municipal governance as the starting point for the analysis of municipal democratisation in Latin America. The approach lays particular emphasis on historical changes in the distribution of local productive assets, the political organisation of local social actors, coalitions between and divisions within local social sectors and the ways in which local power relations are shaped by global and national forces. The article then explores the practical application of the relative power approach to three municipalities in rural Ecuador.     

公司反收购与董事受信义务研究

本文论述了美国公司反收购的概念与形式;董事受信义务与反收购的价值判断;公司反收购司法之原则,董事受信义务在反收购规制中的作用。     

Sub-state diplomacy and the foreign policy-development nexus in South Africa

This article examines the role of sub-state diplomacy, defined as the transnational linkages of sub-national governments, in bridging the gap between foreign policy and the domestic development agenda in South Africa. It argues that, as territorial sub-state actors, provinces and municipalities are strategically positioned to use their international relations to make foreign policy more responsive to domestic socio-economic priorities. In the South African case, however, this potential is yet to be fully realised, mainly because of institutional fragmentation of the foreign policy apparatus, but also owing to enduring challenges in the foreign activities of sub-national governments. The article concludes by making the case for a new diplomatic paradigm in South Africa, one that actively promotes and harnesses the foreign activities and capacities of different national stakeholders, including those of sub-national governments, in the interest of the domestic development agenda.     

省以下垂直领导机关的行政复议管辖权评析

对省以下垂直领导机关作出的具体行政行为的复议管辖权问题,《行政复议法》没有作出明确规定。理论上对此存有争论,实践中的做法也不统一,《行政复议法实施条例》的有关规定,在一定程度上为解决这一问题提供了法律依据,但仍存有遗留问题,为此,建议对《行政复议法实施条例》第24条的规定作出法律解释或予以修改。     

Municipal Responses to Fiscal Austerity: The Thai Case

This article discusses the use and determinants of fiscal retrenchment strategies of Thai municipalities during the FY 2009/2010 economic downturn. Based on a survey of over 900 municipalities, the author finds that Thai municipal government did not prepare itself for a declining economy. It mainly employed short-term strategies by cutting down line-item and miscellaneous spending rather than utilizing more fiscally sustained schemes such as increasing the revenue from untapped resources or applying more stringent budgetary control measures. Reasons for the fiscal adaptation were several but mainly stemmed from the declining fiscal conditions during the recession as exhibited by fund balance ratio and debt service payment. The findings indicate that Thai municipalities are running at fiscal risk due to inadequate preparation for economic fluctuation and suggest that a local fiscal surveillance system be put in place.     

Notes on Contributors

This article draws from a major research project examining the impact of various forms of municipal consolidation in Australia and New Zealand. Its wide-ranging research involved studies of 15 cases of different forms of consolidation, including amalgamation, together with a series of interviews with senior practitioners from the local government sector. Data revealed little evidence of consistent economies of scale from consolidation, however both case studies and interviews indicated that consolidation generated economies of scope and what may be termed ‘strategic capacity’. While it was not possible to disaggregate the data for particular sizes of local authority, enhancement of strategic capacity was more obvious through processes of consolidation in larger ones and less so in smaller, more remote ones.     

Aspectos políticos de la dependencia financiera en los municipios mexicanos1

Specialized literature has analyzed the impact of changes to fiscal institutions such as The National System of Fiscal Coordination (1980) and the constitutional reforms of article 115 (1983 and 1999) on the degree of financial dependence of local (municipal) governments and the governmental functioning. Political environment as well, affects to an important extent such functioning. Indeed, previous studies in the field of political economy point to the effects of political environment and fiscal institutions -such as public spending and debt- on national and sub-national governments. Based on four variables -political affiliation of the mayor, political affiliation of the governor, composition of local congresses and celebration of local elections-, the authors build indicators of “political confluence” at the municipal level. They study the effect that the degree of political unification at the municipal level has on the financial dependence with respect to the State government, and also to the local Congress. In their analysis, the authors also consider the political affiliation of the mayor and the local electoral cycle. Through its analytical focus and main empirical findings, this article contributes to broadening the scope of empirical studies of municipal financial dependence. Simultaneously, it adds to existing literature in the field of political economy that accounts for public finances at the sub-national level     

中国城市生活垃圾处理绩效的影响因素：基于VAR模型的实证研究

文章通过主成分分析的方法构建和评价中国2006-2015年9年间各省(区、市)及整体的城市生活垃圾处理绩效综合水平,在此基础上利用VAR模型检验了多种因素对中国城市生活垃圾处理绩效影响做以实证研究。研究发现：直接影响中国城市生活垃圾处理绩效的主要因素是劳动力因素和运营模式因素。同时,运营模式因素是一种外生嵌套因素,没有外生驱动紧靠自身调整是无法实现的;而劳动力因素则除了自身调整外,还受到经费因素以及政府监管因素的间接驱动,即经费因素和政府监管因素通过劳动力因素路径间接影响绩效水平。据此,文章根据研究结论提出较具建设性的建议,以期对提升中国城市生活垃圾处理绩效水平以及指导公共事业的政府监管工作做以绵薄之力。     

日本地方政府公民行政参与制度化建设的经验与启示——以日本神户市、名古屋市为例

城市的发展和建设,公共政策制定与实施,离不开城市居民的理性参与和支持。本文从思想观念、制度建设、操作手法、监督体制等方面对日本名古屋市和神户市政府推进公民参与城市建设的经验进行了分析。为实现城市更好更快发展,中国需要认真研究、借鉴发达国家经验,建构官民共治（协动）的治理结构,加强制度建设,完善监督体制。