Ending in Failure? The Performance of ‘Takeover’ Prime Ministers 1916–2016

When Theresa May became Prime Minister in July 2016, she joined a list of eleven previous UK takeover leaders in the past 100 years. While the popular image is of Prime Ministers arriving in power after a general election victory, more than half of the Prime Ministers who governed since 1916 have acceded as ‘takeover leaders’ through an internal party process. This article analyses how such takeover leaders perform, concluding that May is likely to face greater obstacles and enjoy fewer advantages than if she had been popularly elected. Takeover leaders have less time in power and less chance of winning subsequent elections, and are generally rated as worse‐performing.     

A Case Study of Glasgow's Use of the Prudential Borrowing Framework (PBF) for Schools Rationalisation

This paper analyses Glasgow's use of the Prudential Borrowing Framework (PBF) for rationalisation and renewal of its primary schools and the additional borrowing costs to be met by the resulting efficiency savings and by sale of surplus school sites. Our findings reveal that the PBF has many perceived advantages compared with the Private Finance Initiative/Public Private Partnership (PFI/PPP) route to capital procurement and modernisation. In particular, the link between policy and the use of resources is more transparent under PBF than for PFI/PPPs. However, the approach to risk management seems to have become more relaxed using the PBF even though the Council now retains all associated risks.     

Budget Transparency in Local Governments: An Empirical Analysis

The aim of this paper is to shed additional light on the determinants of budget transparency in local governments. Our work is based on a Likert-type survey questionnaire specifically designed to measure budget transparency in small municipalities. The questionnaire is based on the IMF's revised Code of Good Practices on Fiscal Transparency (2007). Results from 33 Galician municipalities are used to assess its internal consistency and to test a battery of hypotheses on the determinants of budget transparency. While several previous findings of the literature are confirmed, some new results are also obtained.     

城市管理系统工程——城市管理科学的一条基本原理

论述了城市管理系统工程的原理,并介绍了其应用实例及理论拓延.     

上市公司收购中一致行动的法律问题探讨

去年的方正与裕兴的股权之争再一次引出了对上市公司收购中一致行动的法律讨论。一致行动问题是上市公司收购中的一个重要问题,遗憾的是我国证券法并没有对其作出规定,然而,在我国证券市场上关于一致行动的案例却屡屡出现。因此,为了规范证券市场上的收购行为及出于保护投资者的目的,就必须对一致行动作一番探讨,并期望证券法在今后的修订中能对之进行规制。     

国际习惯法在英国的适用问题研究

在国际法渊源体系中,国际习惯法是最古老、最主要的渊源之一。关于国际法与国内法关系的学说最早于英国出现。英国作为普通法（判例法）国家,判例是英国法的重要渊源。文章以英国法院的实践为线索,通过评析相关重要案例,阐述国际习惯法如何在英国适用的问题。     

An Examination of Local Climate Change Policies in the Great Plains

As the United States struggles with national solutions to address climate change, state and local governments have become leaders in both mitigation and adaptation policy. Although a significant and growing body of research targets these policies, most studies have assumed common factors motivating both adaptation and mitigation policy adoption. There remains a need for more research on cities of all sizes, their adoption of specific local policies, the factors motivating those choices, and whether the influences for mitigation differ from those that motivate adaptation. The paper uses data from a new survey of over 200 local governments in eleven states of the Great Plains region, including measures distinguishing between mitigation and adaptation policies. These data are employed to test the relative influence of factors from three areas: the policy environment, the attitudes of governmental actors, and community atmosphere, in explaining observed variation in the adoption of climate change policies.     

恐怖主义与沈阳城市安全保障问题的思考

“9.11”事件充分暴露了当代城市在防范恐怖主义问题上的脆弱性。在诸多因素的影响下,沈阳也不是恐怖犯罪的真空地带。打击恐怖主义,构建反恐防控体系已成为确保沈阳城市安全的关键环节。     

城市泔水管理的探讨

在对城市泔水性质和北京市城八区泔水产生量调查分析的基础上 ,分析了国内城市泔水管理现状 ,提出了泔水收集和处理技术 ,以及泔水处理工艺选择方案。     

A Low Information Theory of Ballot Position Effect

This article suggests a theory of ballot position effect based on the amount of information present in the electorate while accounting for several alternative hypotheses. The more information that voters have, all other factors held constant, the less a role ballot position will play. Additionally, the role of electoral institutions in mitigating or magnifying the effect is considered. The theories are tested with precinct-level data from city council elections held in Peoria, Illinois, from 1983 through 1999. Position effect is found to account for a bonus of 0.7% to 5.2% of the precinct-level vote share per position on the ballot. The level of aggregate information and the institutional setting explain a significant share of ballot position effect, even while examined in the presence of alternative explanations such as incumbency, endorsement, campaign expenditure, gender, and race.