俄罗斯诸共和国语言问题探析

苏联解体后,俄罗斯联邦诸共和国掀起语言改革浪潮,在此过程中出现主体民族语言虚无主义、民族语言文字拉丁化、俄语地位不稳定、少数民族语言生存堪忧等一系列语言问题。出现这些问题的原因主要有四个：一是语言问题的政治化;二是政治民主化和民族语言扩张的矛盾;三是共和国和联邦层面的立场存在分歧;四是语言政策的具体实施环节存在漏洞、缺乏力度。目前,诸共和国所面临的语言问题触及民族关系,须俄联邦政府和诸共和国政府共同努力才能解决。     

论自治区自治条例在法律体系中的地位

自治区自治条例是由自治区的人民代表大会依照宪法、立法法和民族区域自治法的规定制定的,关于在自治区内实行民族区域自治基本制度的规范性法律文件.自治区自治条例是一种特别的立法授权,在我国法律体系中具有十分重要的地位.自治区自治条例追求平等的、正义的和可持续发展的价值理念,法律规定了自治区自治条例的立法变通权.必须从法律体系上弄清楚自治区自治条例与单行条例、变通规定、补充规定,以及与国家法律、行政法规和政府部门规章的关系.     

构建社会主义核心价值体系的路径选择

社会主义核心价值观,在本质上说,是一个社会所需要并加以倡导的价值观念的集中体现,它的形成不是自发的。而是需要长期教育和引导。因此,必须坚持以科学的路径和方法来构建社会主义核心价值体系。本文认为,建设社会主义核心价值体系,必须融入国民教育的全过程;必须完善制度体系;必须通过长期的实践来完成。     

Looking through a policy window with tinted glasses: Setting the agenda for U.S. AI policy

The policy agenda is currently being established for artificial intelligence (AI), a domain marked by complex and sweeping implications for economic transformation tempered by concerns about social and ethical risks. This article reviews the United States national AI policy strategy through extensive qualitative and quantitative content analysis of 63 strategic AI policy documents curated by the federal government between 2016 and 2020. Drawing on a prominent theory of agenda setting, the Multiple Streams Framework, and in light of competing paradigms of technology policy, this article reviews how the U.S. government understands the key policy problems, solutions, and issue frames associated with AI. Findings indicate minimal attention to focusing events or problem indicators emphasizing social and ethical concerns, as opposed to economic and geopolitical ones. Further, broad statements noting ethical dimensions of AI often fail to translate into specific policy solutions, which may be explained by a lack of technical feasibility or value acceptability of ethics-related policy solutions, along with institutional constraints for agencies in specific policy sectors. Finally, despite widespread calls for increased public participation, proposed solutions remain expert dominated. Overall, while the emerging U.S. AI policy agenda reflects a striking level of attention to ethics—a promising development for policy stakeholders invested in AI ethics and more socially oriented approaches to technology governance—this success is only partial and is ultimately layered into a traditional strategic approach to innovation policy.     

Privacy,National Security,and Internet Economy: An Explanation of China's Personal Information Protection Legislation

With the development of the internet and the increasing role played by information technology in the economy, personal information protection has become one of the most significant legal and public policy problems. Since 2013, China has accelerated its legislation efforts towards protecting personal information. The Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China took effect on June 1, 2017. Legal scholars focus on the nature of personal information, discuss the necessity of enacting specific laws on protecting personal information, and attempt to propose relevant draft laws regarding personal information protection. Personal information protection, however, is not only a legal issue but also a political one. We need to look at the decision-making process about legislation on personal information protection in China. Why has China sped up its legislation on personal information protection since 2013? Is privacy, civil rights, or legal interest the main reason behind the legislation? Only after placing personal information protection legislation in a broader context, can we have a better understanding of the underlying logic and dynamics of personal information protection in China, and can perceive the potential content and possible future of these legislation. This paper argues that Internet industry development, the social consequences of personal information infringement, and national security are the main drivers of China’s personal information protection legislation.     

国家治理现代化的法治解读

推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化已经成为全面深化改革的重大主题。法治化是国家治理现代化的重要内容,也是其有力保障。法治体现在国家治理现代化的方方面面,是推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要杠杆。要推进国家治理法治化,就必须实现国家治理理念、治理体系、治理能力、治理方式的法治化。法治是实现国家治理现代化的重要路径,因为法治是国家的法律之治、现代之治、有效之治、稳定之治、长久之治。推进国家治理现代化,必须从国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的各个方面入手,深入开展全面依法治国的实践。     

Conflict of interest regulation in European parliaments: Studying the evolution of complex regulatory regimes

The growing complexity of parliamentary ethics regulation adopted over the last decades makes the systematic examination of its nature and the rationales underpinning regulatory choices an important endeavor. In this paper we introduce conceptualizations and measurements of conflict of interest (COI) regulation directed toward assuring the impartial and unbiased decisionmaking of national parliamentarians. We distinguish the strictness of rules, the nature of enforcement, sanctions, and transparency requirements as core elements defining COI regimes. Applying our framework to 27 European democracies, we select two cases for in‐depth analysis in which legislators chose very different solutions in response to growing pressures to regulate themselves, to inductively explore the drivers underpinning the choice of COI mechanisms: the United Kingdom, which adopted a highly transparency‐oriented regime, and Belgium, which adopted a highly sanction‐oriented COI regime. Echoing neo‐institutionalist perspectives, the longitudinal analyses indicate how the two democracies’ different institutional environments shape distinct answers to similar functional pressures.     

一体化背景下的国家安全 战略能力探讨

能力是实现国家安全战略目标的基础,在国家安全战略实践中,能力是重中之重,但国家安全理论对能力问题的探讨却有所不足。国家安全战略能力是国家安全理论中的新概念,与国家安全能力、国家战略能力等传统概念既有联系又有区别,主要是指推动和落实国家安全战略的能力。随着国家安全概念不断拓展,国家安全战略能力也需要放在一体化的国家战略体系背景下深化分析。一体化概念运用到国家安全领域时,主要指统筹安全与发展的关系、各安全领域之间的关系、体系与能力的关系。国家行为主体建设和运用国家安全战略能力时,需要统筹这三对关系进行思考。一体化背景下,在国家安全战略能力要素方面,需要注意到战略资源、转化机制和谋划水平的拓展与延伸;在国家安全战略能力的结构方面,需要注意国家安全战略能力建设和运用各环节、各安全领域战略能力、国内外安全战略能力的变化。文章结合中国所处的当前战略环境,认为一体化背景下提升中国国家安全战略能力的主要途径包括强化战略领导能力、聚合国际国内资源、优化能力转化机制、军民融合发展和强化人才队伍建设。     

中国国家安全法治研究四十年: 回眸与展望

中国国家安全法治研究整体上历经起步探索(1978～1993)、逐步发展(1994～20102009)、全面发展(2010～2014)以及总体国家安全观指引(2014年至今)四个阶段。每一阶段的国家安全法治研究都脱离不开其时代背景。贯穿四十年的国家安全法治研究的主题是,围绕“国家安全”法律内涵即国家安全法治研究本体论展开多维度思考与探索。其研究重点涵盖国家安全法律体系研究、国家安全法与部门法的关系、国家安全法学科独立性及其发展等方面。法律意义上“国家安全”的内涵也经历了从“传统(政治)安全”到“总体国家安全观”的转变过程。针对实践需要,国家安全法治研究日益深化和繁荣。在总体国家安全观指引下,新时代国家安全法治研究面临的时代命题包括相关法律体系的建构和阐释,深化国家安全法与相关法律的有机衔接研究,研究方法创新与满足各领域国家安全保障的现实需要,等等。未来仍要坚持聚焦国家安全法治基本问题的研究。     

党内法规与国家法:关联、区别及其关系之协调

党内法规与国家法同属于法的范畴,都是制度理性的产物。二者具有类同性,既相互保障,又相互制约,同时又在制定主体与实施主体、效力来源、适用的对象与领域、规范逻辑以及对公开性的要求方面存在着明显区别。作为我国社会主义法治体系的共同支撑,党内法规与国家法作为社会治理规则而在社会治理方面发挥作用时,难免会因其不同而产生冲突或不协调,而这种不协调显然会对我国全面推进依法治国战略及全面从严治党战略带来负面影响。为此,需要协调二者之间的关系。