Somali Community Organizations in London and Toronto: Collaboration and Effectiveness

This article considers the high number of Somali community organizationsin both London and Toronto. Drawing on interviews in both locationswith Somali women refugees and discussions with those involvedin their resettlement, evidence shows that many Somalis continueto feel marginalized in terms of service provision and thatcollective representation is limited, despite the high numberof specifically Somali organizations that exist. Through a comparisonof the Somali community organizations in London and Toronto,this article highlights factors which have inhibited the developmentof a united, collaborative Somali voice. Contributory factorsare shown to derive partly from the persistent clan dynamicsamong Somalis and the solutions Somalis find, and partly fromfailings in service and funding provision. It is argued that,in the Somali case, exclusionary dynamics undermine the roleof community organizations in rebuilding community and belongingand providing a safe and empowering setting in which individualsand communities may regain confidence and begin the processof integration within the receiving society.     

社区治理共同体建设中的信任机制:类型、特征与再生产

社区信任是建设社区治理共同体的前提条件。社区治理共同体建设过程中存在着行政信任和人格信任两种截然不同的信任机制。行政信任是指对社区行政组织的认同,行政主导、行政在场和行政加冕程序强化了行政信任的生产与再生产,使行政信任具有了可迁延性。人格信任是指对社会组织这一外来治理结构的总体性疏离和对其中个体行动者的特殊化信任,具体化信任、功利性信任和总体不信任是人格信任的基本特征,因此人格信任具有不可逆性。超越对社会组织的人格信任需要从建立总体性关联、把社会组织推到前台、提升服务自主性与专业性、加强制度宣传与公民教育等四个方面着手。唯有如此,才能走出社区治理的"共同体悖论"困局,真正发挥社区信任的治理功能。     

UK Government Policy,Credit Unions,and Payday Loans

This article outlines how successive UK governments’ policies first created a three-tier system of credit unions and then posited credit unions as alternatives to payday lenders. The three-tier framework is used for an analysis of loans offered on credit union websites. The findings indicate that while the first two tiers of credit unions now offer loans to people who have not saved with them previously, they do so in ways consistent with credit unions’ original character, rather than in ways that replicate commercial payday loans. The other tier of credit unions appears unable to offer such loans.     

The Theory of Complex Organizations: New Trends in Organizational Studies

This paper establishes a general theoretical framework about the study of complex organizations (COs), analyzes the characteristics of the theory of complex organizations (TCOs), and discusses the new trends of TCOs through redefining the conception of COs and dividing the evolutional stage of organization theory (OT). The results show that, as the complex systems characterized by the global emergence, COs are the new forms of organizations when organizations evolved to a certain stage; the evolution of OT is a constantly inheritable and developmental process due to the interconnection and mutual promotion among the paradigms of OT. In addition, under the interaction of organizational research paradigm, organization and OT, OT gradually evolves to TCOs.     

Principal-agent problems in international organizations

The paper provides a framework for analysing control problems in international organisations and reviews the disparate evidence from a public-choice perspective. Most examples concern the European Union, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the International Labour Organisation. International organisations suffer from principal-agent problems more than other public or private organisations do because the chain of delegation is more extended. As survey evidence demonstrates, the actors in international organisations do not share the preferences of the citizens because they have vested interests, and the citizens believe that they have least influence at the international level. The paper argues that national and international parliaments, the national governments and international supervisory boards or courts cannot solve the principal-agent problem due to severe information cost and weak or distorted incentives. JEL codes H79 · H11     

论黑社会(性质)组织的特征

黑社会(性质)组织具有人数众多、组织严密、半隐蔽、以暴力、威胁手段来控制了一定的社会区域或行业、以牟取经济利益为最终目的并有较强的经济实力、有自己的亚文化、向权力部门渗透等特点,而凭借权力庇护和组织暴力在一定社会区域或行业牟取经济利益是黑社会(性质)组织的本质特征。     

International Public Goods and Agency Problems in Treaty Organizations

This paper analyzes the extent to which international public goods and agency problems are present in international organizations. A noncooperative model of the funding choices of donor countries and the subsequent policy choices of an international agency is used to develop hypotheses about the behavior of ideal and problematic international agencies. The analysis suggests that international agencies are likely to be underfunded and undermonitored relative to that which maximizes the joint interest of signatory countries. The funding and policy implications of the model are tested using data from the Global Environment Facility (GEF). The statistical results suggest that (i) treaty obligations affect behavior of Annex 1 and non-Annex 1 countries, (ii) GEF’s allocation of grants generally advances the international environmental agenda, and (iii) significant free-riding and agency problems exist in GEF as it is presently organized. Overall, the empirical results suggest that treaty organizations may be relatively effective, if not perfect, instruments of international public policy.      

两种组织形式的生命周期及其研究意义

任何组织都是有生命周期的.组织目的的最终实现需要认识和利用生命周期发展规律.常规组织和任务型组织是两种重要的组织形式.目前关于公共组织的生命周期研究集中在常规组织上,而对处理非常规任务的任务型组织涉猎甚少.而且,对生命周期的研究只注重组织的设立而没有考虑组织的最终去向.反映在组织实践上,就是我们往往只关注组织的设立和组织的规范化与制度化,而没有对组织本身也会消亡这一规律有比较明确的认识.     

90年来党的组织建设主要成就骋观

90年来,我们党始终用马克思主义中国化的最新成果指导党的组织建设,使之发生了历史性的变化:队伍不断壮大,战斗力不断增强;组织不断健全,凝聚力更加巩固;结构不断改善,素质不断提高,制度不断完善。这一巨大成就的取得,既为我国社会主义现代化建设提供了坚强的组织保证,又充分说明我们党对党的建设的规律和角色转变规律,有了更加深刻的认识,走出了一条具有中国特色的党的组织建设成功之路。     

基层群众性自治组织的宪法定位

基层群众性自治组织是依法设立的,由城市居民、农村村民通过民主选举、民主决策、民主管理、民主监督以实现居民自我管理、自我教育和自我服务的基层自治社会组织.它所具有的自治性、群众性、民主性、法制性、自律性和基层性的特征,使它与国家政权机关和其他社会组织区别开来,并在我国社会主义宪政建设中,彰显着作为发展社会主义民主宪政的社会基础,实施依法治国方略的基础工程,推动文明建设、构建社会主义和谐社会的重要力量等重大宪政价值.