语言输出理论与英语写作教学

大学非英语专业教学普遍存在学生语言输出过少的现象,本文以语言输出理论为依据,提出强调英语写作教学以增加学生语言输出,促成语言知识的重构和程序化,从而增强学生的语言实际运用能力。并结合教学实践的基础,着重探讨了英语写作课堂教学中教师和学生的角色定位问题和形成性评价在英语写作教学中的运用机制。提出了相应的写作课堂的教学模式。     

Strategies and path arrangement for public budget management reform of China

Through analyzing the development of public budget management of developed country, the reform strategies to probe budget management of China should be on the basis of Chinese situations. The reform process should be carried out gradually.     

社会主义经济论纲--兼论劳动、价值、纯产值与国民收入

社会主义市场经济必然是多种所有制、多种经济成分并存的经济 ,理解社会主义市场经济 ,关键在于对社会主义条件下的价值形成和收入分配问题的正确认识。在多种经济成分并存条件下 ,劳动创造出价值即纯产值 (V +M) ,纯产值不仅按劳分配 ,而且按其它生产要素如资本进行分配 ,通过市场竞争 ,等量劳动取得等量收益 ,而等量资本也取得各自的平均收益。在市场经济运行中 ,必然存在资本剥削 ,但从整个社会的角度看 ,这种按资分配是劳动者当家作主的社会对资本所有者的一种奖励。在社会主义市场经济中 ,劳动运营和资本运营并行不悖 ,共同为经济发展和人民生活水平提高做出贡献     

Veto player theory and reform making in Western Europe

Veto player theory generates predictions about governments’ capacity for policy change. Due to the difficulty of identifying significant laws needed to change the policy status quo, evidence about governments’ ability to change policy has been mostly provided for a limited number of reforms and single‐country studies. To evaluate the predictive power of veto player theory for policy making across time, policy areas and countries, a dataset was gathered that incorporates about 5,600 important government reform measures in the areas of social, labour, economic and taxation policy undertaken in 13 Western European countries from the mid‐1980s until the mid‐2000s. Veto player theory is applied in a combined model with other central theoretical expectations on policy change derived from political economy (crisis‐driven policy change) and partisan theory (ideology‐driven policy change). Robust support is found that governments introduce more reform measures when economic conditions are poor and when the government is positioned further away from the policy status quo. No empirical support is found for predictions of veto player theory in its pure form, where no differentiation between government types is made. However, the findings provide support for the veto player theory in the special case of minimal winning cabinets, where the support of all government parties is sufficient (in contrast to minority cabinets) and necessary (in contrast to oversized cabinets) for policy change. In particular, it is found that in minimal winning cabinets the ideological distance between the extreme government parties significantly decreases the government's ability to introduce reforms. These findings improve our understanding of reform making in parliamentary democracies and highlight important issues and open questions for future applications and tests of the veto player theory.     

Russian Central Government Budgeting and Public Sector Reform Discourses: Paradigms,Hybrids, and a “Third Way”

ABSTRACT

This study explores how public sector reform discourses are reflected in Russian central government budgeting. Through the lenses of institutional logics, Russian central government budgeting is considered to be a social institution that is influenced by rivaling reform paradigms: Public Administration, New Public Management (NPM), the Neo-Weberian State, and New Public Governance. Although NPM has dominated the agenda during the last decade, all four have been presented in “talks” and “decisions” regarding government budgeting. The empirical evidence illustrates that the implementation of management accounting techniques in the Russian public sector has coincided with and contradicted the construction of the Russian version of bureaucratic governance, which is referred to as the vertical of power. Having been accompanied by participatory mechanisms and a re-evaluation of the Soviet legacy, the reforms have created prerequisites for various outcomes at the level of budgeting practices: conflicts, as in the UK, and hybridization, as in Finland.     

Sustainability as a Measure of Success: Externally Promoted Participatory Budgeting in El Salvador 10 Years Later

This article examines the sustainability of externally promoted participatory budgeting (PB) over more than a decade and, given the results, considers the implications for participatory practice in international development. In 2009, I investigated the continued utilization of PB as introduced through a US‐financed local government development project in post‐war El Salvador. I examined all 28 project municipalities 5 years after the project ended and found limited but important PB sustainability. In 2015, I replicated the study, using the same parameters in the same 28 municipalities, more than 10 years after completion of the project. This article presents the findings of the latter study and compares them with 2009 results. PB continues to be utilized in more than half of the 28 municipalities examined—a striking example of long‐term sustainability—although there is also little continuity of use among individual municipal governments. I conclude that PB is becoming institutionalized, in part because of the initial project. This case of sustainability and institutionalization of PB may allow us to be more optimistic about the potential effects of participation in international development. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

参与式预算与政治生态环境的重构——新河公共预算改革的过程和逻辑

新河的参与式预算为我们提供了一份从体制外自发生长到体制内有机融洽为过程,以民主理财,完善委托代理机制为主要内容,以公众参与为基础,以激活人大机制为目的,以重构政治生态环境为指归的独特的文本.通过对其的解读,试图回答公共预算改革为什么会发生在新河;如何使政府的目标函数与公众的偏好相符合;通过什么样的路径缩短委托代理链;新河预算改革的实际意义和应用价值何在;今后的指归是什么.新河的参与式预算是一个基于公众与政府之间和谐理念而设计出来的制度创新,是对传统公众与政府之间关系的一种变革.通过这样的创新和变革,树立了凡是与公众有关的事情都应让公众知道的思想,提高了预算编制的透明度和参与度,践行了治国的根本.这是一次人大与政府互动关系的良好发端,通过激活人大而对政府实行真正的制衡,是政治生态环境的重构过程,是新河参与式预算的实际意义所在.新河的阳光试验,正在为我国的公共预算改革探路,并为之积累经验,它将成为我国民主政治建设的一个新的起点.     

体位性窒息对心、肺功能影响的实验研究

通过从股静脉将漂浮导管插入肺动脉的方法 ,检测悬挂前、悬挂期间和临终阶段呼吸、肺动脉压、心输出量的变化,探讨体位性窒息对心、肺功能影响及其在死亡中所起作用。结果:(1)悬挂前呼吸频率平稳 ,悬挂期间逐渐加快 ,临终前呈无规律状态 ;(2)悬挂期间及临终时肺动脉压比悬挂前明显升高;(3)悬挂前及悬挂期间的心输出量基本平稳 ,临终时比悬挂前及悬挂期间明显下降。本研究发现 ,悬挂可致呼吸失调 ,机体缺氧 ,导致心、肺功能障碍 ,属肺性死亡。其特征为呼吸停止是原发性的 ,心跳停止是继发的。     

广西工业名牌优质产品的调查与分析

文章基于广西名牌优质产品分布结构 ,及其对地区经济和所在行业的作用 ,分析了发展名牌优质产品的问题及原因 ,提出加快工业名牌优质产品的发展要在技术创新、制度创新、组织创新、管理创新和市场创新上要有新的突破。     

In participatory budgeting we trust? Fairness,tactics and (in)accessibility in participatory governance

ABSTRACT

Participatory budgeting (PB) is a significant innovation in democracy and local development. PB provides the opportunity for citizens to engage in processes of deliberation and decision-making upon the allocation of public funds. As new critical discourse emerges surrounding this model of local government spending, a significant area warranting investigation concerns how trust, and indeed mistrust, factor into PB. Through an analysis of interviews with residents and Council staff engaged in PB processes in a county in the north of England, we highlight the ways in which issues of trust can impact on participation in these initiatives, and also strengthen relationships between voting delegates, project teams and local government. This paper argues that increasing the perceived accessibility, and reconsidering the inclusion of mass membership groups in PB, might help to create progressive, effective and trustful participation.