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31.
Shaun L. Gabbidon Leslie K. Kowal Kareem L. Jordan Jennifer L. Roberts Nancy Vincenzi 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2008,33(1):59-68
This paper examines race-based peremptory challenges. Such challenges occur during the voir dire jury selection process. The process allows both the defense and the prosecution to strike jurors who they believe will not
decide cases fairly. However, in the case of Batson v. Kentucky 476 U.S. 79 (1986), the Supreme Court ruled that race could not be used as a factor in eliminating prospective jurors. This
paper examines federal litigation for five years in which it was alleged that race was used as a factor in removing a juror.
An examination of the cases revealed that most of the cases involved sole male litigants who allege that there were multiple
race-based peremptory challenges used in their cases. Moreover, most of the cases that led to the allegations involved violent
offenses. Other case characteristics are noted, but of most significance was the finding that most appellants lost their cases.
As such, the courts felt that most of the challenges were, in fact, race neutral. The implications of this research are discussed.
This study was funded by an undergraduate research grant from Penn State University. 相似文献
32.
33.
“80后”群体受到社会广泛关注。“80后”大学生在思想观念、价值取向、人生态度等方面表现出鲜明群体特征。“抗震救灾”等公共事件凸显“80后”大学生“值得信赖,敢担重任”。科学发展观对“80后”大学生教育有重要引领作用。“80后”大学生教育的路径选择要以科学发展观为统领,以学生的发展为目的,以学生的成才为根本。 相似文献
34.
Selwyn Stanley 《Journal of family violence》2008,23(8):767-776
This study compared 75 wives of alcoholics with an equal number of wives of non-alcoholics matched on key socio-demographic
variables, using a cross sectional ex-post facto research design. Instruments to assess the extent of conflict and danger
perceived by them in their marital relationship, besides the communication apprehension experienced towards their partners
were administered. Analyses showed that the wives of alcoholics as a group had higher levels of conflict, perceived more danger
and experienced more apprehension in relating with their spouses, than the subjects of the reference group. Results indicate
the need to consciously focus on the spouse of the alcoholic and to help her resolve various marital issues with which she
is faced. Implications for therapeutic intervention with couples in alcohol complicated relationships to enable them overcome
their marital life deficits are discussed.
This study was funded by the University Grants Commission of India.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
35.
Sandra M. Stith Narkia M. Green Douglas B. Smith David B. Ward 《Journal of family violence》2008,23(3):149-160
A meta-analysis investigating the relationship between marital satisfaction/discord and intimate partner violence (IPV) in
heterosexual relationships was conducted with 32 articles. Overall, a small-to-moderate effect size (r = −0.27) indicated a significant and negative relationship existed between marital satisfaction/discord and IPV. Moderator
analyses found no differences between effect size based on construct examined (discord or satisfaction). However, the magnitudes
of observed effect sizes were influenced by other moderator variables, including the use of standardized versus non-standardized
measures, gender of the offender and victim, role in the violence (perpetrator versus victim), and sample type (clinical versus
community). The data suggests that gender is an especially important moderator variable in understanding the relationship
between marital satisfaction/discord and IPV. 相似文献
36.
This research provides new theoretical and empirical insights into the gender politics of the springboards to chief executive office. The extremely masculinised composition of the relatively few top national executive positions has posed a serious impediment to empirically assessing the conditions that may facilitate women's under-representation and men's over-representation. To overcome this constraint, this study looks at the top regional executive office across four West European countries that present a multilevel state structure – namely Austria, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom. Using two original datasets, the article examines the ways in which the selection and reselection of regional prime ministerial candidates is shaped by individual, organisational and institutional factors that produce heterogeneous experiences and career opportunities across sex. The results show that women have not shattered the glass ceiling at the regional level and pinpoint the fact that they are held to higher standards, benefit less from the political resources they possess and are more dependent on the decision environment in which parties select executive candidates. The conclusion is that the rules of the game guiding selection and reselection processes are strongly biased towards men. 相似文献
37.
提高选人用人公信度是当前干部人事工作面临的一个突出问题。改革开放以来我党通过推进干部人事制度改革,在提高选人用人公信度方面取得了明显进展,已成为今后改革的一个重要导向。但现实地看,选人用人公信度不高仍是当前困扰干部选拔任用工作的一个突出问题,为此,今后要通过科学界定党管干部原则、改进干部管理体制、改革干部管理具体制度、优化干部管理方法等手段继续深化改革,以切实提高选人用人公信度。 相似文献
38.
Megan H. Bair-Merritt William C. Holmes John H. Holmes Jamie Feinstein Chris Feudtner 《Journal of family violence》2008,23(5):325-332
We sought to determine whether intimate partner violence (IPV) risk factors differed depending upon the presence of children
in the home, and to estimate the annual prevalence of IPV first in the general population and then in homes with and without
children. We analyzed data from a cross-sectional random sample of 6,836 women in southeastern Pennsylvania interviewed by
telephone in 2004. The magnitude of association between IPV and risk factors varied between homes with and without children
for women’s alcohol problems (with children, odds ratio (OR) 7.7; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.9, 20.9; without children,
OR 2.4; 95% CI 0.9, 6.0), and mental health problems (with children, OR 4.0; 95% CI 1.8, 8.9; without children, OR 3.0; 95%
CI 1.6, 5.7). Poverty was significantly associated with IPV only in homes without children (OR 3.6; 95% CI 1.9, 7.2). Annual
IPV prevalence was 1.2% overall, 1.4% in homes with children, and 1.1% in homes without children. One in 63 children lived
in a home with IPV. Differences in IPV risk factors in homes with and without children suggest distinct underlying IPV mechanisms
or consequences in these contexts. 相似文献
39.
Sally J. Kenney 《Feminist Legal Studies》2002,10(3-4):257-270
Why has it taken so long for member states to appoint women to the Court of Justice? Despite having won relatively significant
policy instruments for equal treatment at work and high levels of legislative representation, women in the European Union
have been slow to extend the demand for gender mainstreaming to courts. Prior to 1999, the Court of Justice had had one woman
member until Ireland appointed Fidelma Macken in late 1999, and Germany appointed Ninon Colneric and Austria appointed Christine
Stix-Hackl Advocate General in 2000.The 1995 U.N. meeting in Beijing was a catalyst for the demand for balanced participation
of women and men in decision-making processes within the E.U., and it coincided with Sweden, Finland and Austria joining and
championing the cause of gender equality. In 1999, the Commission published a report on women in the judiciary and women lawyers
began to organize across Europe. After tracing the appointment process, I review the European Parliament's role in championing
women on the Court and consider recent developments. Courts, particularly supranational and federal courts, are representative
institutions even if their representative function differs from legislatures. Non-merit factors have always been a factor
in judicial appointments and thus the demand for women on the bench is not a terrible deviation from merit. An all male bench
is no longer legitimate.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
40.
396I;I139_6刘媛;00070005;107-110基于混沌优化算法的支持向量机参数选取方法袁小芳;王耀南;湖南大学电气与信息工程学院,湖南大学电气与信息工程学院 长沙410082,长沙410082机器学习;;支持向量机;;混沌优化;;参数选取支持向量机(SVM)的参数取值决定了其学习性能和泛化能力.对此,将SVM参数的选取看作参数的组合优化,建立组合优化的目标 相似文献