Frontal sinus accuracy in identification as measured by false positives in kin groups

The aims of this study were to verify if frontal sinuses can uniquely identify individuals belonging to family groups using Cameriere methods and to test if kinship can affect the proportion of erroneous identifications. For this purpose, we compared the proportion of false-positive identifications in a sample of 99 individuals within 20 families with a control sample of 98 other individuals without kinship. The results show that the combined use of SOR and the Yoshino code number allows personal identification with a small probability of false positives (p < 10(-6)), even when kinship is taken into account. The present research confirms the importance of studying anthropological frameworks for identification, which leads to reliable methods and allows for both quick and economic procedures.     

The use of material culture to establish the ethnic identity of victims in genocide investigations: a validation study from the American Southwest*

Successful prosecution of genocide requires that the victims constitute one of four protected groups: national, religious, ethnic, or racial. Establishing victim identity in prior trials has relied on positive identification of decedents, been largely presumptive, or was based on untested methodology. This report details a validation study of one untested method: the use of material culture in establishing ethnic identity. Classes of clothing and personal effects were scored on 3,430 individuals of known Hispanic or White ancestry from autopsy records in New Mexico. Significant differences were seen in evidence of language, nationality, and religious affiliation between the two groups, as well as clothing types and currency. Predictive models used to estimate ethnic identity in random, blind subsets produced an overall accuracy of 81.5% and estimates of 61-98% in specific subsets. Results suggest material culture, when present, can provide reliable evidence of ethnic affinity in genocide investigations.     

关于86名顽危犯个性心理的调查报告

了解顽危犯群体个性心理特征状况,针对性开展顽危犯思想转化和心理矫治,提高改造质量。采用《中国罪犯心理测试个性分测试(COPA-PI)》的方法,对86名顽危犯进行隐蔽性的心理测试,测试结果与全国男性罪犯常模比较,顽危犯与普通罪犯相比,有其独特的个性心理特征,在改造过程中,应做针对性的教育转化和心理矫治工作。     

论个人秘密的刑法保护

侵犯通信自由罪的法益是通信自由和通信秘密。利用职务上的便利,不是私自开拆、隐匿、毁弃邮件、电报罪的构成要件。刑法第235条第2款是属于注意规定,不是法律拟制。侵犯通信自由罪,宜设置为亲告罪。为有效保护个人秘密,应当增设一些新罪名。     

正面照片面部特征指标用于个人识别的选择及评价

目的研究中国汉族成人正面照片,优选出面部特征指标建立分型特征标准,考察面部特征的个人识别能力。方法确定27项面部特征指标及分型标准,观察254张中国汉族成人正面照片,通过统计分析观察数据结果及计算个人识别能力评价指标和分型标准。结果 13项指标性别差异显著;联合所选择的27个面部特征指标,男性TDP(tolal discrimination power,累计个人识别能力)=0.999 999 909 08,女性TDP=0.999 999 919 82,总体TDP=0.999 999 868。结论正面照片面部特征指标越多、分型的多态性及量化程度越高,个人识别能力越高。     

政府数据开放中个人信息保护的范式转变

政府数据开放并非静态的单一行为,而是动态的系统过程。借助数据生命周期理论,可以将政府数据开放解构为数据收集、转换、存储、公开和使用五个阶段。根据《个人信息保护法》和《数据安全法》确立的最新规则,个人信息保护风险可能同时存在于政府数据开放生命周期的各个阶段。然而,政府数据开放中现有的个人信息保护范式主要采取“基于结果的方法”,重点关注政府数据在公开时的状态,依靠技术性匿名化手段,难以有效应对政府数据开放中的个人信息保护风险。与此相对应,“基于过程的方法”与政府数据生命周期、个人信息保护的程序化和数据安全全流程管理相契合,可以弥补“基于结果的方法”的不足。通过将风险预防原则和程序、技术、经济、教育和法律等手段分散放置在政府数据开放生命周期的每个阶段,能够最大限度减少个人信息保护风险,在个人信息保护与政府数据开放之间实现动态平衡。     

论英国土地承租人权益的法律保护

土地租赁法律关系是古今中外普遍存在的一种法律现象,其内容包括租赁合同和承租人对土地的占有两个构成要素。各国法律在规范土地租赁关系时的侧重点不尽相同。大陆法系国家主要依据合同法调整土地租赁关系。16世纪以前,英国法律始终依据合同法为承租人提供保护,承租人的权益在法律上也被视为动产。从16世纪开始,普通法承认了承租人土地占有的独立性,法律对土地承租人的保护经历了一个"从契约到财产"的转变过程。在法律传统的影响下,这种转变没有完成。普通法最终综合运用合同法和财产法的规则调整土地租赁关系,不仅使土地租赁法律关系的两个构成要素都得到了法律的保护,而且将土地承租人的权益最终变成一种兼有动产和不动产属性的"准不动产"。     

论数据可携权在我国的引入——以开放银行为视角

欧盟、英国、澳大利亚、美国加州、印度、马来西亚等法域已经引入了数据可携权。我国是否应引入数据可携权,目前尚未达成共识。开放银行是数据可携权最先行也是最有价值的应用场景,开放银行的理论基础是数据可携权。从开放银行的视角看,我国应引入数据可携权。但无论是数据可携权的引入,还是开放银行的实施,都宜循序渐进地分步骤、分阶段进行,而不宜一步到位。具体而言,我国应首先通过开放银行来引入数据可携权,待实施一段时间,积累了相关经验之后,由相关行业管理部门决定是否以及如何在相关行业逐步引入数据可携权。     

Human security thinking in practice: ‘personal security’, ‘citizen security' and comprehensive mappings

This paper describes the introduction of an emphasis on ‘personal security’ in human security thinking and practice, as part of the ultimately unsuccessful attempt to compartmentalize the pursuit of security. It reviews the past 20 years of attention to ‘personal security’: both in compartments that consider organized physical violence or threats to personal safety and property (‘citizen security’), and as parts of more wide-ranging examination of threats to fulfilment of basic needs and rights, for example, in comprehensive mapping exercises undertaken in various UNDP Regional and National Human Development Reports or in studies of women's security. The paper reflects on the complex process of opening-up conventional security thinking and practice in ways that add value and depth without shrinking into preconceived compartments.     

论人身损害案件中的精神赔偿

现行法律对人身损害中精神损害的赔偿原则、赔偿数额标准等缺乏明确规定 ,同社会实际需求不相适应。由于加害人故意或过失实施了人身损害行为 ,在客观上不仅损害了受害人的身体、健康与生命 ,还会导致受害人精神损害的严重后果。人身损害的精神赔偿应当适用过错责任原则和适当限制原则 ;适用对象应当是在人身损害中依法享有精神损害赔偿请求权利的直接受害人和间接受害人 ;精神损害赔偿金的标准 ,可以依据经鉴定的伤残等级 ,确定一个限额幅范围 ;赔偿金以多次支付为原则 ,有条件的一次性支付为例外。