Population displacement in the baltic region in the twentieth century: from ‘refugee studies’ to refugee history

This article explores how Baltic migration, and particularly the experience of forced migration, relates to broader comparative and methodological issues and debates in the emerging field of refugee history. Attention is given to the impact of two world wars and their aftermath in the Baltic, with particular emphasis on the ways in which refugees from the Baltic and elsewhere have related their experiences. The article concludes by drawing attention to the multiple readings of population displacement that historians need to entertain.     

Personal identification by the comparison of facial profiles: testing the reliability of a high-resolution 3D-2D comparison model

Identification from video surveillance systems is frequently requested in forensic practice. The "3D-2D" comparison has proven to be reliable in assessing identification but still requires standardization; this study concerns the validation of the 3D-2D profile comparison. The 3D models of the faces of five individuals were compared with photographs from the same subjects as well as from another 45 individuals. The difference in area and distance between maxima (glabella, tip of nose, fore point of upper and lower lips, pogonion) and minima points (selion, subnasale, stomion, suprapogonion) were measured. The highest difference in area between the 3D model and the 2D image was between 43 and 133 mm(2) in the five matches, always greater than 157 mm(2) in mismatches; the mean distance between the points was greater than 1.96 mm in mismatches, <1.9 mm in five matches (p < 0.05). These results indicate that this difference in areas may point toward a manner of distinguishing "correct" from "incorrect" matches.     

民间高利贷的泛刑法分析

近年来,民间高利贷被作为非法经营罪追究刑事责任的判例频频出现。究其原由,源于中国人民银行办公厅与最高人民法院刑事审判第二庭就武汉的涂汉江案所为的两个复函。然而,这两个复函关于民间高利贷属于国务院《非法金融机构和非法金融业务活动取缔办法》所列非法金融行为的解释均属无权解释,因此,有关民间高利贷构成非法经营罪的所有判例,均无法律依据。事实上,在现有法律框架下,民间高利贷因不违反任何法律与行政法规而不具有构成非法经营罪的非法性要件。同时,民间高利贷虽有伴生犯罪之弊,但其更有产生的必然性,也有存在的合理性,因此,对其也不应通过修改刑法而将其入罪。     

Personal vote‐seeking in flexible list systems: How electoral incentives shape Belgian MPs' bill initiation behaviour

It is well known that different types of electoral systems create different incentives to cultivate a personal vote and that there may be variation in intra‐party competition within an electoral system. This article demonstrates that flexible list systems – where voters can choose to cast a vote for the list as ordered by the party or express preference votes for candidates – create another type of variation in personal vote‐seeking incentives within the system. This variation arises because the flexibility of party‐in‐a‐district lists results from voters' actual inclination to use preference votes and the formal weight of preference votes in changing the original list order. Hypotheses are tested which are linked to this logic for the case of Belgium, where party‐in‐a‐district constituencies vary in their use of preference votes and the electoral reform of 2001 adds interesting institutional variation in the formal impact of preference votes on intra‐party seat allocation. Since formal rules grant Belgian MPs considerable leeway in terms of bill initiation, personal vote‐seeking strategies are inferred by examining the use of legislative activity as signalling tool in the period between 1999 and 2007. The results establish that personal vote‐seeking incentives vary with the extent to which voters use preference votes and that this variable interacts with the weight of preference votes as defined by institutional rules. In addition, the article confirms the effect of intra‐party competition on personal vote‐seeking incentives and illustrates that such incentives can underlie the initiation of private members bills in a European parliamentary system.     

人格权侵害禁令的程序实现

人格权侵害禁令是人格权侵害领域中预防性责任形式的快速实现机制,其独立于先予执行和普通的行为保全,是不必然伴随诉讼程序、具有非暂时性和非保全性的人格权独立保护制度。根据此种实体法功能,禁令的程序模式在价值上要权衡程序的便利高效和当事人的程序利益保障。基于非讼程序法理的发展和现行法,虽然禁令案件是真正的诉讼案件,但仍可将其作为非讼程序的审理对象,并以非讼程序作为禁令的基本程序模式。据此,禁令程序应采用职权探知主义,建立被申请人最低限度的程序保障规则,确立非讼程序和诉讼程序之间的合理转换条件和方式,且禁令程序中的裁定不具有既判力。其他的具体程序规则也应根据非讼程序予以解释构建。     

民事裁判文书上网公开的边界问题探究——基于司法知情权与个人隐私权的冲突与平衡的考量

裁判文书公开是司法公开的核心,裁判文书上网公开又是目前裁判文书公开的重要形式。虽然裁判文书上网公开的普遍性和便捷性能满足公众对于司法知情权的需求,但不可避免在一定程度上会对相关人员的隐私权造成侵害。互联网的广泛应用为裁判文书公开提供了良好的载体,但也使得知情权与隐私权的碰撞更为激烈。通过比例原则和可分割性原则,对于涉及个人隐私的不同情况进行区别对待,并赋予当事人充分的程序保障权,以此对裁判文书上网公开中的知情权与隐私权的冲突予以平衡。     

个人命名制、民族性与多元文化

个人命名制是一种文化现象,各民族文化现象无不具有相对性,个人命名制当然不能例外.从任何一个民族的现有命名制度出发去对异民族的命名制度简单比附,以定其优劣,都是错误的做法.每一个民族的命名制都是为适应本民族的社会需要发展起来的,各民族社会需要不同,其命名制理当互有差别.保持各民族命名制的差异,一方面可以使命名制所反映的社会公认血缘关系与人类的实际生理血缘关系更为接近,因为不管哪个时代人类的婚姻,在本民族内发生的机率总是大于异民族间通婚的机率,保持各民族命名制中的差异,与这种实际的婚姻是吻合的,它可使我们从命名的客观实际上就可以判断人与人之间在社会公认血缘关系上的远近,使人类更利于规避近亲通婚.另一方面.多种命名制度的并存有利于避免产生同名现象的困扰.在任何一种语言中,要用有限的音节符号区别出众多的个人,都得接受数学规律的制约.多民族命名法的并存就可以使姓名的结构多样化,命名构成要素多样化,     

Understanding the dynamics of good neighbourliness under Rawlings and Kufuor

It is widely recognised that leadership influences relations between neighbouring states in international affairs. This article seeks to further illuminate the relationship between leadership idiosyncrasies and the nature of Ghana’s neighbour relations under Presidents Rawlings and Kufuor. The argument is that, while political institutionalisation and the international environment may influence neighbour relations to some degree, leader idiosyncrasy is an important intervening variable. Indeed, based on the findings, the international environment may have had less influence on Ghana’s neighbour relations in the period under study (1981–2008) than conventional wisdom suggests.     

司法人员侵犯公民人身权利犯罪的主要表现和防治对策

在刑事司法活动中,司法人员严重侵犯公民人身权利的犯罪依然存在,尤其是社会普遍关注的刑讯逼供、暴力取证、超期羁押,体罚、虐待被监管人等,有些行为已达到了犯罪的程度,为了充分保障公民的合法权益,健全社会主义法制,必须有效地惩治和防范这类犯罪。     

论绑架罪的保护法益

绑架罪保护法益的确定,对于其构成要件的理解、停止形态的认定以及与相关犯罪的区分具有十分重要的意义。我国理论界与实务部门对绑架罪保护法益的认识伴随刑事立法的进程经历了三个主要的阶段,目前仍然存在较大分歧。从多个不同角度进行综合分析,绑架罪的保护法益不应包括“财产权利,”也不应限于“人身自由,”而应当是涵盖“自由、健康、生命”在内的“人身权利”。