唯物求实进化发展--以马克思主义理论审视章学诚目录思想

章学诚是清代著名学者,他的目录学研究工作不自觉地符合马克思主义所阐发的某些理论和方法,在其目录学思想中表现出唯物的哲学观、科学的认识论和求实、进化的思想。     

哲学基本问题与哲学史方法论

思维和存在的关系作为哲学基本问题 ,在哲学史研究中具有重要的指导作用。但它是恩格斯在总结欧洲近代哲学时提出的 ,因此我们在具体分析哲学史时应注意到哲学基本问题在不同时代的特殊表现 ,以及各个民族和不同哲学系统的特殊性。不能简单地用思维和存在的关系以及唯物主义和唯心主义的划分来裁剪丰富多彩的哲学史。     

社会不是机器——关于科学社会历史观的一些思考

中国共产党人在克服公式化历史观影响中,总结历史的和现代的认识成果,创造性地提出的实事求是、与时俱进、以人为本、独立自主的社会历史哲学思想,发展了唯物史观。     

发展哲学社会科学的方法论——科技生产力是繁荣哲学社会科学的基础支撑

马克思的历史唯物主义，又叫做历史决定论，或生产力决定论，是人类社会发展的一般规律。科技生产力，是人们认识世界和改造世界的第一工具，是人类社会发展的最终决定力量，是发展和繁荣哲学社会科学的基础支撑。我们发展有中国特色社会主义哲学社会科学，需要深入实际调查研究，准确把握国情民力，认知社会发展阶段，兼收并蓄，提高民众科学素养，努力探索马列中国化的新阶段，最终达到促进社会生产力的发展，和与此相匹配的政治思想文化上层建筑的全面进步，促进“五位一体”和谐社会可持续建设。     

马克思开辟的哲学道路及其当代启示

马克思在直面现实、直面现实的人、直面实践、直面问题中终结旧哲学，从而实现了哲学观的革命变革，创立了一门关注“现实的人及其历史发展”的哲学。马克思开辟的哲学道路，从根本上说是以哲学的方式面向现实人的生活世界和实践发展过程的实践哲学。     

一种以中国为根据的"全球化观"的论纲

作为国家社科重点项目"经济全球化与中国法学"中核心部分的导论,在对"全球化"概念进行背景性阐发的基础上,确立全文的分析框架及参照依据,并概要性地说明相关理论问题的建构以及具体的论证步骤。通过阐明当下的"全球化"实为一种可争辩的过程,从而开放出全球化的话语斗争维度以及中国或中国法学参与并型塑全球化的可能性,进而主张应当从中国立场出发,以中国为思想根据、以"世界结构中的中国"为分析框架、根据中国自己的理想图景就当下全球化进程及其方向进行积极的反思和重构。     

Reburying the treasure—maintaining the continuity: Two texts by Śākya Mchog Ldan on the Buddha-essence

The rich and interconnected universe of ?ākya Mchog Ldan’s views, including those on the buddha-essence, cannot be limited to or summarized in a few neat categories. Nevertheless, the following two interrelated ideas are crucial for understanding ?ākya Mchog Ldan’s interpretation of the buddha-essence: 1) only Mahāyāna āryas (’phags pa) have the buddha-essence characterized by the purity from adventitious stains (glo bur rnam dag); 2) the buddha-essence is inseparable from the positive qualities (yon tan, gu?a) of a buddha; In his writings, ?ākya Mchog Ldan argues against identifying the buddha-essence as a mere natural purity (rang bzhin rnam dag), i.e., the state of natural freedom from obscurations as it is taught in the Middle or Second Wheel of Doctrine (chos ’khor, dharmacakra) and its commentaries. The buddha-essence has to be posited as inseparability from positive qualities of a buddha. ?ākya Mchog Ldan approaches the buddha-essence inseparable from positive qualities of a buddha in two ways. In some texts, such as the Essence of Sūtras and Tantras, he argues that it has to be identified only as purity from adventitious stains, i.e., the removal of all or some negative qualities that prevent one from directly seeing the buddha-essence. In other texts, such as The Sun Unseen Before, he interprets it as the purity from adventitious stains and the natural purity as it is taught in some sūtras of the Third Wheel of Doctrine and their commentaries. That type of natural purity is understood as the state of natural freedom from all obscurations inseparable from positive qualities of a buddha. Thereby, in this second type of texts, ?ākya Mchog Ldan arrives at positing two types of the buddha-essence: relative (kun rdzob, sa?v?ti) and ultimate (don dam, paramārtha). Despite different interpretations of the natural purity, the identification of the buddha-essence as the purity from adventitious stains is present in both. In his interpretation of the buddha-essence, ?ākya Mchog Ldan utilizes the categories of the three levels found in the Sublime Continuum: the impure (ma dag, a?uddha), impure-pure (ma dag dag pa, a?uddha?uddha, i.e. partially pure) and very pure (shin tu rnam dag, suvi?uddha) levels that correspond respectively to the categories of sentient beings, bodhisattvas (understood as ārya bodhisattvas in this context), and tathāgatas. ?ākya Mchog Ldan argues that one becomes a possessor of the buddha-essence free from adventitious stains only on the impure-pure level. In other words, when bodhisattvas enter the Mahāyāna Path of Seeing (mthong lam, dar?anamārga) simultaneously with the attainment of the first boddhisattva ground (byang chub sems pa’i sa, bodhisattavabhūmi)of Utmost Joy (rab tu dga’ ba, pramuditā), they become āryas, i.e. ‘exalted’ or ‘superior’, bodhisattvas, directly realize the ultimate truth (don dam bden pa, paramārthasatya), and thereby for the first time generate an antidote to obscurations of knowables (shes bya’i sgrib pa, jñeyāvara?a). They start gradually removing them, and thereby actually see at least a partial purification of stains ‘covering’ the buddha-essence, and its inseparability from at least some positive qualities. Such is not possible for anyone below that level, even for the non-Mahāyāna arhats (i.e., ?rāvakas and pratyekabuddhas). Thus, only Mahāyāna āryas have the buddha-essence characterized by the purity from adventitious stains; ārya bodhisattvas have only a part of it, while buddhas have it completely.     

从人类学哲学视野看康德“崇高”的文化意蕴

作为美学范畴的"崇高",既是对艺术对象特征或审美趣味、风尚的抽绎,也是人们特定的文化--心理感受或精神指向的积淀.近代西方主体性哲学的发展,使"崇高"的文化内涵逐渐丰富起来,它在康德那里不但与优美一并成为解析判断力的两大范畴,更在其"以人为最高目的"的人类学哲学中扮演着重要角色.从人类学哲学的视野考察"崇高"这一文化美学的有机元素,既有助于在纯粹精神领域里深悟人生的各种自觉目的和自由理想,又能在实际的生活领域中,激励人们不断追寻有限生命的无限意义.     

哲学终结：费尔巴哈实践观向马克思实践观的发展

费尔巴哈和马克思都提出了哲学终结。但是,基于人本主义的直观感性实践观,费尔巴哈的哲学终结仅仅归结为抽象的爱的宗教;而基于科学的实践观,马克思的哲学终结的归结点在于无产阶级的解放。在当代视阈,虽然西方诸多学者都提出了哲学终结,但是离开科学的实践观,无视哲学的现实指向,这种哲学终结都是不彻底的。事实上,现代性正是当代西方哲学终结的根本症结之所在。     

审查批捕工作改革探讨

鉴于目前我国审查批捕工作存在的若干问题，对其进行深化改革显得尤为必要和紧迫。应在更新司法理念的前提之下，在办案模式、办案机制、工作方式等各方面进行深层次的、实质意义的改革和完善，这将有利于保障人权，提高办案质量和效率，维护社会公平和司法公正。