Medical Practice in Early Colonial Spanish America: A Prospectus

This paper outlines the current state of research on medical practice in early colonial Spanish America. It argues that medical practice in Spain was more diverse than generally supposed, and that this complicated the exchange that occurred between Native American, African and European medical traditions in the Americas. Control of medical practice in Spanish America was exercised not through the establishment of state institutions, but through the close working of the state and the Church that on the one hand promoted medical care as a charitable activity and on the other sought to suppress practices that were incompatible with Catholic beliefs. However, due to the shortage of trained medical practitioners, the authorities were relatively tolerant of alternative medical practices and this enabled a process of exchange and fusion. The paper illustrates these processes with respect to medical practice in Cartagena de Indias in the early seventeenth century. It concludes with suggestions of avenues for future research.     

贷款诈骗罪主体及非法占有目的的认定

贷款诈骗罪主体认定方面有三个疑难问题:一是银行或其他金融机构工作人员能否构成贷款诈骗罪;二是单位贷款诈骗的情况下负有责任的人员能否构成贷款诈骗罪;三是以单位名义实施,实为自然人贷款诈骗情形的认定。有五种情形即为实施犯罪而设立单位或单位设立后以实施犯罪为主要活动,盗用、冒用单位名义实施贷款诈骗,私人合伙企业、私营独资公司实施贷款诈骗,承包、租赁经营者以单位名义实施贷款诈骗。     

中国金融税制的问题分析与立法完善

健全的金融税制是促进中国金融业稳健发展的重要条件。从中国金融税制的现状与现行金融税制存在的问题来看,在我国金融市场进一步开放和经济全球化的新形势下,应当将金融税制的构建放在更加突出的地位,按照税收法定原则的要求,进一步完善立法程序,努力建立公平、科学和健全的现代金融税制。     

金融信用制度的建立和完善

金融市场的基础是信用 ,没有一个完善的信用体系 ,不可能建立完善的金融链条。评价信用应使用一种综合评价标准 ,而不是局限于某一具体的行为或财产清偿能力 ,必须综合考虑财产、客观行为、主观诚信以及法律条件等各种因素。我国目前金融信用状况比较糟糕 ,必须加强金融信用制度建设。金融信用制度建设是一个系统工程 ,其核心制度主要包括征信制度、信用评级制度和信用管理体系。对金融信用的规制还需要外部调控、约束和管理制度 ,通常是政府和自律组织为了防止失信行为泛滥、信用市场的无序竞争和不正当竞争而进行的调控、监督和管理制度。     

Back to Basics Mexican Style: Radical Catholicism and Survival on the Margins1

Abstract— The significance of radical Catholic movements among the urban poor in Latin American cities has been the subject of much debate over recent years, though Mexican cases have received less attention. This paper argues that their practical, material objectives cannot be understood in isolation from the holistic religious and moral community in which participants project for themselves. It is also argued that the social justice sought within the base communities is as much a product of a long, if varied, radical, Christian tradition as it is of the particular circumstances of political and economic marginalisation in contemporary Mexican cities.     

基于新形势下的企业财务管理研究

市场经济体制的确立与发展,知识经济时代的到来以及中国加入世贸组织后众多市场的开放都给企业带来划时代影响,它正改变着传统的财务管理目标、内容、方式乃至整个财务管理机制。文中就企业财务管理的目标、内容、方式以及财务管理机制等几个方面的未来发展措施进行了探讨。     

转轨国家利率改革中的存款准备金政策研究

目前大多数发达国家已取消了存款准备金政策,许多转轨国家对法定存款准备金政策实施转为公开市场业务,特别是在利率市场化改革后尤为明显。存款准备金率政策能否达到货币政策调控目标及实现政策效果,应从制度安排、各政策间的关联等多种角度,来分析转轨国家存款准备金的适用性。     

浅谈防范金融风险过程中社会信用的建立

市场经济是信用经济,社会信用制度的建设直接关系到社会经济秩序和金融的安全性。而我国自建国以来信用缺失现象严重,从人们的信用观念淡漠,到金融机构的不正当竞争,再到社会自律机制、信用监督机制、法律约束机制不健全,给整个金融体系带来了很大的金融风险。因此,如何树立信用观念,加大产权制度改革的力度,规范金融机构的行为,通过一系列规章制度的建设形成有效的信用约束机制,成为现阶段我国建立社会信用,防范金融风险的首要任务。     

浅论我国金融安全问题

加强金融监管,防范金融风险,保持金融稳定,是顺利推进金融改革和发展的基础,是贯彻执行国家宏观调控政策的必要条件,是维护国家经济安全的重要保证。随着我国对外开放的不断深入,加入WTO使我国金融市场的开放成为一种必然趋势,来自外部的风险与日俱增,如何在获得开放利益的同时确保民族金融安全,已成为我国现在必须着手解决的重大问题。     

The fear of reprisal and the failure of victims to report a personal crime

Most people who fail to report their victimizations to the police state either that the incident was not serious enough to warrant official attention or that nothing could be done. However, a small proportion of victims states that they did not report because of their fear of reprisal. Based on National Crime Panel victimization data, the offense and personal characteristics of these victims are contrasted with the total victim and nonreporting victim populations. Contrary to the general reasons for not reporting a crime, several personal and offense characteristics are related to reprisal. For instance, reprisal is more often a factor in personal victimizations where victims are female and acquainted with their offenders. The more dangerous the incident, the more often reprisal is the stated reason for not calling the police. The results of the analysis strongly suggest that in certain social environments the fear of reprisal is a major factor in the reporting of crime.