Negro labor in the western cattle industry, 1866–1900

The trade union movement in sub-Saharan Africa during the struggle against colonial rule in the 1950s has long commanded the attention of historians. Numerous books and articles have detailed the growing strength and critical role of trade unions in France's vast West African colonial federation, l'Afrique occidentale française (AOF). Far less is known about the fate of these trade unions in the nine newly independent countries that emerged from the demise of AOF. In the 15 years following independence, most autonomous trade unions in French-speaking West Africa were either marginalised or integrated into the political structures of ruling parties. With the exception of Burkina Faso, single national trade union federations controlled by ruling political parties existed everywhere in francophone West Africa by 1975. Whether capitalist, military or socialist, all political elites sought to create a trade unionism that would serve as a transmission belt for party control over the workforce, a type of unionism that was referred to as ‘participation responsable’. This article details the experience of Dahomey (now Benin), where independent trade unions struggled against responsible participation and continued to play a pivotal political role until 1975, when the state socialist regime of Mathieu Kérékou finally succeeded in imposing state-controlled trade unionism.     

Defamilialization of Childcare,Commodification of Mothers,and Poverty： Recognition of New Social Risks in Korea

This study analyzed the relationship between new social risks and poverty in Korea, with specific foci on the changes in the family and in the labor market. Through the analysis, this study maintains that the expanding welfare state in Korea requires policies responding both to NSRs （new social risks） and to traditional social risks. The findings of this study are as follows： First, care responsibilities within the household were strongly associated with the poverty status of household. Second, dual-breadwinner households were less likely to fall into poverty than households with a single male breadwinner. Third, the flexible labor market that leads to poverty not only influences irregular or part-time workers but regular workers as well. These findings show that households of self-employed workers were even worse off than those of irregular workers, who were previously identified as the group who suffered most due to the flexible labor market.     

State and Private Economic Sectors Align

正A striking feature of China’s economic development is the breadth of social layers benefiting from it.At the bottom of the economic ladder,China has lifted over 600 million people from internationally defined poverty–accounting for the entire global fall in the number of those living in poverty.Taking middle incomes,while median U.S.wages have fallen in the last seven years,     

可行能力提升视域下我国城镇相对贫困的识别标准与治理路径

在新型城镇化与城镇结构转型深入推进的背景下,城镇相对贫困的隐患日渐显现。现阶段我国缓解城镇相对贫困面临识别标准缺失与治理体系缺位两大现实困境。基于阿玛蒂亚·森的可行能力理论,构建包含收入与福利维度的经济条件、政治权益、社会机会、防护性保障及透明性保证共15项指标的城镇多维相对贫困指标体系,旨在为精准识别我国城镇相对贫困群体提供标尺。以提升个体可行能力为主要内容的协同治理体系包括以下几个方面的内容:以国家为主导,提供提升个体可行能力的制度性保障;以个体为核心,培育个体的内生可行能力;以市场为媒介,提升重新赋予个体可行能力的效率;以社会为依托,拓宽提升个体可行能力的渠道。在消除绝对贫困的新时期,应据此形成缓解我国城镇相对贫困的治理路径。     

当前我国非直接利益冲突频发的体制性根源

近年频发的非直接利益冲突是社会矛盾的新形态,是改革开放过程中经济—政治—行政—社会等体制性弊端日积月累的必然产物。这些弊端主要表现为经济利益高度分化所导致的"相对剥夺感"、参与制度供给不足所导致的"权利贫困"、公共权力异化和政府治理能力滞后所导致的"合法性危机"及公民社会发育不良所导致的"公共空间萎缩"。     

精准扶贫视角下县域驻村扶贫干部胜任力研究——以辽宁HR县为例

为完成精准脱贫任务,各级党委和政府选派出大量驻村扶贫干部进驻贫困村、户进行帮扶。驻村扶贫干部胜任力存在差异,实际精准帮扶效果也明显不同。驻村扶贫干部在认知结构、素质结构、行为结构方面存在着胜任力不足的问题,导致驻村干部认知不清,角色混乱;素质不够,能力不足;行动不善,扎根不稳。相关部门需要采取积极措施,加快驻村干部角色转变、完善培训体系设计、加强思想政治教育和健全考核激励机制,确保驻村扶贫干部具备较强的胜任力,助力精准脱贫事业。     

生产—生活共同体与易地扶贫搬迁的后续帮扶——基于秦巴山区H县“138模式”的分析

“搬得出”“稳得住”“能致富”共同构成易地扶贫搬迁的政策目标。在政策支持下，易地扶贫搬迁基本完成“搬得出”的阶段性任务，但就可持续发展而言，“稳得住”“能致富”更为重要。以陕南秦巴山区H县“138模式”为案例，本文将搬迁户的经济生产、社区生活整合进“生产—生活共同体”的框架内，总结易地扶贫搬迁后续帮扶的微观机制。研究发现，党建引领提供了运行动力，组织再造提供了运行基础，协同治理构成了基本运行方式。以上述三项微观机制为基础，“138模式”能够为易地扶贫搬迁后续帮扶提供客观条件。生产—生活双重导向与安置社区内的空间聚敛，构成“138模式”不同于其他后续帮扶方式的重要特征。最后文章提出加大政策关注力度、构建“生产—生活共同体”、开展组织建设和鼓励协同参与等政策建议，以实现易地扶贫搬迁的长期目标。     

消费扶贫:政策、理论与实践

消费扶贫对于激发贫困群体的主体性、吸引社会力量参与精准扶贫、推动贫困地区产业结构调整等均有积极意义。在国务院专门出台文件推动的情况下,应进一步明晰消费扶贫的基本内涵和形成机理,注重解决有产无量、有品不优、体验不美、持续不久等问题,不断推动消费扶贫健康发展。     

关注绿色贫困:贫困问题研究新视角

该文基于绿色贫困的内涵和特征,研究绿色贫困主要类型、形成机理.结合新时期国家扶贫战略,提出实施生态补偿、生态建设与绿色产业发展相结合的绿色贫困治理模式.