从美国“次贷危机”看我国房地产市场调控

2007年美国"次贷危机"爆发并迅速波及全球,使得世界各国的金融机构遭到重创,房地产次级抵押贷款危机形成。这场危机的直接原因是由于房地产市场的持续降温使购房者出售房地产或者通过抵押房地产再融资变得困难,但根本原因则在于美国对房地产抵押贷款证券化缺乏法律监管。本文试图通过对中美房地产市场的比较分析,指出我国相关的法律监管体制中也存在的问题和不足,进而为完善我国房地产市场宏观调控提供提出相应对策。     

世界银行与国际货币基金组织贷款交叉条件的法律分析

世界银行与国际货币基金组织在为借款国提供贷款援助时,通过交叉设定贷款条件强化贷款条件对借款国的约束力。依交叉条件设置方式不同,可分为正式的贷款交叉条件与非正式的贷款交叉条件,其中世界银行在贷款协议中对国际货币基金组织贷款条件的交叉引用,使得国际货币基金组织非条约性质的贷款条件获得了法律约束力。中国应未雨绸缪,推动国际金融组织贷款条件的实体内容与设定程序改革,并采取必要的措施弱化贷款交叉条件的法律约束力。     

民间借贷行业监管的框架设计与机制建设

目前,由于缺乏外在的立法和内在的运行规则调整,民间借贷市场作为一种非正规性的金融市场在发展中存在诸多的风险和问题,这极大地阻碍了我国金融体系的发展和完善,亟需强有力的管控。为此,应加强对民间借贷机构的机构形式、机构准入、机构流动、业务经营以及隐性风险的监管,以促进民间借贷行业阳光化、规范化的发展。     

论我国民间借贷合同法律适用的民商区分

按照是否为自然人之间的借贷,《民间借贷司法解释》对利息约定不明的两种情形规定了不同的裁判规则。这种区分处理具有进步意义,但未能根据民商区分的理念作科学合理的区分,导致相关裁判规则存在标准混乱、规则缺失的问题。要确定民间借贷民商区分的判断标准,首先得解决民商区分的判断标准。我国应回避从内涵到外延都存在极大争议的商主体概念,借助“以营利为主要目的”的商行为概念及内涵和外延都确定的企业概念来界定商事法律关系,从而确定民商区分的法律适用难题。在确定了我国民商区分的判断标准后,民间借贷民商区分判断标准的厘定就迎刃而解了。据此,可确定民商区分视野下民间借贷纠纷裁判规则的完善方案。     

Market-Oriented Interest Rates

正China's central bank cut interest rates for deposits and loans and adjusted their floating ranges on June 8.Yi Xianrong,a research fellow with the Institute of Finance and Banking under the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,shared his views on the impact of the cut with Shanghai Securities News.Edited excerpts follow:     

政府监管改革应防止形成新的腐败土壤

十六大报告提出的政府机构改革重在加强监管,使政府从市场的具体管理中退出,更多的是实现其在经济领域中的监管作用。但政府监管易导致政府俘虏,成为腐败产生的新土壤。必须充分认识到政府监管的两面性,防微杜渐,及时纠正在政府监管中出现的不良倾向,减少寻租和腐败发生的概率。     

Spatializing the future: financial expectations,EU convergence and the Eastern European Forex mortgage crisis

Existing accounts of failure to predict the financial crisis focus on the complexity of the financial system, and are less useful for understanding crises in non-securitized markets. We examine the roots of optimism leading up to the Eastern European mortgage crisis through the case of Hungary, and use recent theories of expectations, which understand them as both pragmatic and fictional practices that commonly incorporate narratives. Based on archival research and interviews with bankers, regulators and legislators, we demonstrate how the EU convergence narrative was central in forming optimistic expectations. Fusing the underspecified convergence process with an orientalist geographical imaginary, this narrative and its associated measures translated growing indebtedness as ‘catching up’ with Europe, de-emphasized exchange rate risk through a belief in European convergence and precluded crisis scenarios originating in the European Union. Our findings contribute to theories of how economic expectations are formed, stabilized and maintained by developing the concept of ‘spatializing the future’, denoting practices that handle uncertainty by charting the future as movement in concrete geographical or abstract space, along externally verifiable pathways.     

Should it be curtains for some of the IMF’s lending windows?

Increasing attention is being paid to IMF governance and operations, but not to how IMF programs are differentiated under the array of available lending windows. This paper examines empirically the economic and political circumstances associated with the use of IMF facilities. It therefore extends existing research into the determinants of IMF arrangements by investigating the extent to which different influences are at work in the case of different facilities. Focusing initially on extended arrangements as compared to stand-bys, the results indicate that although initially the facilities were used in different economic circumstances, since the mid 1980s these differences have largely disappeared. Instead the differences between user countries have become more political than economic. There are, however, some differences between concessionary and non-concessionary facilities beyond the income levels of countries using them. The policy implications for the range and design of the Fund’s lending windows are discussed.

Indebted life and money culture: payday lending in the United Kingdom

Critical social scientific research holds that credit–debt is a principal economic and governing relation in contemporary economy and society, but largely neglects money’s role in indebted life. Drawing on qualitative research in the payday loan market in the United Kingdom, the paper shows that borrowers typically relate to loans in monetary rather than financial terms and incorporate them into practices of payment, spending and online banking. To analyse how indebted life is variously experienced and enacted through money, the concept of money culture is developed to refer to money’s culture, money’s meanings and money’s affects. Borrowers enter into and negotiate payday loans through a digitally mediated money culture that both mobilizes and runs counter to money’s powerful fictions as circulating universal equivalent and calculative means of account.     

P2P网络借贷诉讼的程序选择与适用

网络借贷由于具有交易手续便捷、贷款门槛低和操作灵活等特点,可以满足小微企业和个人的资金需求,提高社会闲散资金的利用率,因此在短时间内获得了较快的发展。按照P2P公司是否为贷款者提供担保为标准,可初步将所有的P2P网络贷款业务分成无抵押无担保、无抵押有担保以及有抵押有担保三种类型。在每一种类型中,由于民事主体间所涉法律关系的不同,导致了纷争发生后各主体维护自身权益方式的差异,决定了因P2P网络贷款引发的纷争所适用诉讼程序的迥然有异。