Optimists and skeptics: Why do people believe in the value of their single vote?

We investigate the origins of voters' beliefs about the value of their single vote. We construe such beliefs as a function of psychological predispositions and exposure to information about the competitiveness of the electoral race. We test this theoretical model using data from the 2008 Canadian federal election and a new survey question tapping voters' beliefs about whether their vote can make a difference. Our results show that sense of efficacy has a strong effect, efficacious voters being more prone to optimism. Competitiveness of the race also matters, but only among attentive voters.     

Interactions of News Frames and Incivility in the Political Blogosphere: Examining Perceptual Outcomes

The anonymity and flexibility of the online world allows the free expression of views. This same anonymity and unconstrained expression can initiate uncivil debate. The political blogosphere is thus replete with uncivil discussions and becomes an apt context to examine the influence of incivility on news frames. Moreover, although there is an increasingly growing literature on framing, few have examined framing effects in the contemporary media landscape. Thus, the present study brings in literature from incivility and framing effects to examine the influence of incivility on news frames for perceptual outcomes. The study uses an experiment embedded in a Web survey. Findings show that incivility increases the credibility of a news article while decreasing political trust and political efficacy. Further, results demonstrate the interactions of incivility and news frames. For instance, news credibility is increased only in the value framed condition. And a combination of strategic frames and incivility results in the least political trust and external efficacy. Implications are discussed.

[Supplementary material is available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Political Communication for the following free supplemental resource(s): stimulus material for the experiment.]     

The relationship between disorder,perceived risk,and collective efficacy: a look into the indirect pathways of the broken windows thesis

The broken windows thesis suggests that disorder is a key part of a cycle of community decline that leaves neighborhoods vulnerable to crime. Some recent research has challenged this thesis by finding limited support for a direct relationship between disorder and crime. However, others argued that such studies ignore the indirect pathways posited in the thesis. The current study sheds light on this debate by examining the relationships between disorder, fear of crime, and collective efficacy and finds support for the relationships suggested by the broken windows model. However, the findings also suggest that the model is overly simplistic and needs to consider other mediating factors in addition to fear. Additionally, the findings show that perceptions of disorder may have different impacts for residents of an area vs. people who work at a business in the area. Implications for theory and policy are discussed.     

从规范到事实：效力和实效的纠结——以纯粹法理论为研究背景

凯尔森法律科学理论中,纯粹法是指实在法。它是法律秩序的一般理论,并非特殊的个别的某个法律体系。它是有别于自然、正义和政治的,能够与自然科学并肩之法律科学。在凯尔森纯粹法理论中,效力和实效理论有着重要价值。“规范的特殊存在”的效力所指和意指存在区别。尽管法律效力和法律实效之间存在不可逾越的鸿沟,但是二者之间联系同样不可忽略。     

鸭疫里氏杆菌病三价油乳剂灭活疫苗的研究

以 1、2、10型鸭疫里氏杆菌 (RA)分离株为菌种 ,研制鸭疫里氏杆菌病三价油乳剂灭活疫苗。经无菌及安全检验合格后 ,对 6日龄樱桃谷雏鸭颈部皮下接种 0 .4mL/只 ,免疫后第 10、14、2 1和 3 5d分别用 1、2、10型RA强毒株攻击 ,第 14d的攻毒保护率为 91.7%～ 10 0 % ,3 5d的攻毒保护率为 66.6%～ 83 .3 %。田间试验结果表明 ,雏鸭 5～ 7日龄免疫后至上市保护率可达 95 .0 %～ 10 0 %。     

论部门预算的主体、责任与效力——从行政、法律角度的分析

中国正在推进的部门预算改革是建立公共财政、法治财政的关键步骤。部门是最基本的预算主体,明确部门财政责任至关重要,这是部门预算改革的根本所在。财政责任必须落实到个人才有意义。预算的本质是法律,预算的职责是控制与监督财政活动。预算必须对所有部门及其责任人产生同等的法律效力。部门作为双重利益主体和官员个人谋求利益的场所,必须有完善的预算约束。     

试论无效行政行为

本文认为 ,无效行政行为从效力上不具有公定力 ,相对人可以拒绝服从 ;相对人主张其无效不受起诉期限的限制。此外 ,还论述了无效行政行为与可撤销行政行为的区别 ,并阐述了无效行政行为的确认标准 ,即“重大明显违法”。最后 ,为我国实定法规定无效行政行为制度提出了一些初步建议。     

Applying police legitimacy,cooperation, and collective security hypotheses to explain collective efficacy and violence across neighbourhoods

This study examines views about police legitimacy and competence in neighbourhoods over time. The study compares theories about police legitimacy, the cooperation hypothesis, and the collective security hypothesis to predict violence. Findings suggest that when police legitimacy is deficient in neighbourhoods, a culture supportive of violence to resolve disputes may develop. Results show the importance of police competence to suppress violence and build collective efficacy. Finally, police are more successful in neighbourhoods that are collectively efficacious. The cooperation hypothesis is fully supported, but the collective security hypothesis and LaFree’s legitimacy theory receive partial support. Findings underscore the merit of examining neighbourhood consequences of police legitimacy, including how institutions, like police, can impact neighbourhood socialisation processes and are impacted by them.     

PARENTING COORDINATION AND COURT RELITIGATION: A CASE STUDY

This case study explores the degree to which the number of court motions changed 1 year after parenting coordination was implemented with high-conflict co-parenting couples and examines the parents' demographic profile. Findings indicate a reduction of approximately 75% in child-related court filings, as well as a 40% decrease in other motions, resulting in a decrease of 50% in all motions filed, thus saving these once high-conflict couples, and the court, significant time and resources. The diverse demographic profile illuminates training and research implications regarding the use of parenting coordination as an intervention for high-conflict co-parenting couples.     

实际施工人界定之我见——对最高院法释〔2004〕14号第26条之辨析

实际施工人违法承包工程导致许多农民工的合法权益不能得到切实保障,最高法院司法解释的颁布突破了合同相对性规则,允许实际施工人在一定条件下可以直接起诉发包方。该条款对实际施工人概念的提出和施工合同效力的认定,在一定程度上导致了承包合同法律主体概念的混乱,在司法实践中可能会出现法官理解不一致而造成类似案件裁量标准却不尽相同的缺陷,笔者试图通过对该解释分析来提出相应的解决方法。