以人为本，司法为民——民事司法理念更新及制度变革简论

司法理念是基于对民事诉讼制度的构建及运作历经长期认识而形成于人的头脑中的价值判断。理念的更新对于司法改革和改革后的司法都至关重要 ,科学的理念是制度变革的前奏和先导 ,而滞后的理念则可能成为良好制度运作的障碍。我国要实现民事司法的科学化、宪法化和国际化 ,必须革新传统司法理念 ,抛弃以往把程序当作工具、将人作为诉讼客体的传统做法 ,以人为立足点并根据现行环境需求来重构适应我们需要的理念家族。“以人为本 ,司法为民”是现代民事司法的核心内容 ,人性化民事司法应体现人的正义、自由、效益、安定等基本程序价值需求。     

刑讯逼供的证明机制

对刑讯逼供存在与否的证明属于程序性事项的证明,其证明同时涉及一般的证明标准和程序性裁判中的证明机制问题。刑讯逼供的事实具有特殊性,这种特殊性使对这种事实的证明在实践中很难完成,因此应当明确:刑事实体法追诉中的刑讯逼供证明的证明责任由新的公诉机关承担,证明标准也应于普通案件中的证明标准有所不同,同时,法官不应承担证明责任。     

Distributional impact assessments and the record of the Coalition Government: the tyranny of numbers without interpretation

This paper reflects upon the gross discrepancies between the reassurances given in 2010 by the 2010-2015 UK Coalition Government that their budget and welfare cuts would fall ‘fairly’ across the income spectrum, and the reality of what had happened by the end of that government. It asks how the ‘distributional impact assessment’ provided with the 2010 Comprehensive Spending Review could have been so wrong. In seeking to answer this question, types of systematic bias are considered along with a discussion of ‘marginality’ in assessments of impact. Drawing upon the role of ‘power’ in impact assessment, it traces the ways in which methodological assumptions can eclipse the real life effects of policies behind ‘the average’ as well as by the unfair selection of the ‘unit-of-analysis’.     

大陆法系缺席判决制度价值取向研究——从缺席判决主义到一方辩论主义视角的考察

缺席判决制度自古罗马时即已有之,从缺席判决主义模式到一方辩论主义模式的变迁反映了缺席判决制度从纯粹作为的一种终结程序的手段和一种惩罚措施转向更加重视程序的正当性即程序公正问题,但就缺席判决制度本身而言,它是为了诉讼的效益而设。     

The Significant Development of the Exclusionary Rule of Illegal Evidence in China: from the Perspective of the Promulgation of “The Rule of Strict Exclusion of Illegal Evidence”

The function and value of exclusionary rule of illegal evidence lie not only in the prevention of mistrial, but also in the manifestation of procedural justice, the regulation of judicial conduct and the emphasis on the protection of human rights. The promulgation of “the rule of strict exclusion of illegal evidence” has made a positive response to the practical problems during the implementation of exclusionary rule of illegal evidence. Many provisions in this rule are much more strict than before, such as further defining the scope of illegal oral evidence, clarifying the method of excluding the repeated confessions, emphasizing the timeliness of exclusion of illegal evidence and the synchronization of supervision of investigation, attaching the importance of collection and application of process evidence, and exerting the review of the legitimacy of evidence in pre-trial conference. After the promulgation of “the rule of strict exclusion of illegal evidence”, we should continue to focus on the implementation of exclusionary rule of illegal evidence, ensuring its function of post-punishment and illegal prevention.     

个人生物识别信息民事权利诉讼救济问题研究

我国《民法典(草案)》将"生物识别信息"列入"隐私权和个人信息保护"的范围。目前,在外国以保护隐私权思路保护个人生物识别信息的民事诉讼实践中所遇到的困难主要包括:"类主体"与"类事由"化问题;侵权行为的"程序性违法"问题;传统"案件—诉讼—损害"的民事法理逻辑对损害赔偿的限定等问题。充分完善"类诉讼"制度;解决新兴权利的法律赋权问题;确定"程序性违法"的"损害"认定标准以及完善举证责任制度,是保证个人生物识别信息民事权利诉讼救济充分实现的制度优化措施。     

实质公平视角下劳方利益倾斜性保护之法律思考

劳资利益的公平分配需要劳资双方相互制衡.劳动力的不可独立性、不可存储性、个体弱势性等特征,使其在与资方谈判中存在先天的弱势性,需要国家给予倾斜性制度保障.但当前我国存在现有制度难以保障劳动者生存需求的矛盾、劳方与资方抗衡的组织需求矛盾、集体谈判制衡性权利缺失矛盾等法律困境.因此,我国需要从劳方生存保障制度之补足、保障劳动者组织的独立性、赋予劳动者组织的制衡性权利等方面给劳方提供倾斜性制度保护,方能实现企业利益中劳资利益分配的实质公平.     

Books received

Since the early 2000s, the governments in ASEAN (the Association of South East Asian Nations) countries have developed ‘good agricultural practices’ (GAP) as public approaches to field-level quality assurance. Besides the primary goals of consumer food safety and quality assurance, these public GAP programs aim to support small-scale farmer inclusion in mainstream markets. This goal represents the antithesis of the prevailing trend that private GAP approaches have tightened integration with resourceful, large-scale producers in global value chains. This paper examines the compatibility of the goals of safety assurance and social justice in a public GAP approach through comparative analysis of Thailand's Q-GAP between two local contexts of fruit production and marketing. The research findings suggest that while the public GAP scheme could draw the participation of a broad cohort of local small-scale producers and serve to certify their production, its impact on changing producers' on-field practices and catalyzing their access to the global market through food safety assurance is limited. The binding factors include the lack of producers' understanding of the principles of the programme, limited additional economic merits for them, and the influence of extra-local market forces that stress economies of size and food quality rather than food safety.     

刑事审讯的程序违法性透析——以刑事错案的成因为视角

程序性违法是刑事错案产生的重要原因之一。刑事审讯作为公安机关侦查办案中获取犯罪嫌疑人言词证据的重要方法和手段，受到公安机关和办案人员的高度重视。在“口供至上”的刑事办案理念的影响下，为了获取侦查破案的所谓“关键”证据，办案人员在刑事审讯时不惜违反程序法的相关规定。通过对刑事错案成因的考察可知，在刑事审讯过程中，较为典型的程序违法行为有：讯问地点违法、超期羁押、自创程序、假借合法程序名义非法讯问等等。强化办案人员的程序法定理念、确保刑事审讯的程序合法是预防刑事错案的良策之一。     

我国程序性辩护的现状和完善

在对抗式司法理念的指导下，加强犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的诉讼权利，强化其辩护权以及实现控辩双方平等武装成为刑事诉讼立法的焦点。伴随我国刑事诉讼理论研究的不断深入，程序公正在刑事诉讼法中地位的提高．程序性辩护逐渐进入立法者的视野。《刑事诉讼法修正草案》确认了程序性辩护制度，并构建了相应的配套机制．但是依然存在一定的缺陷，应当从构建司法审查制度和优化程序性制裁机制两个方面进一步予以完善。