公共治理的理论基础:政府、市场与社会的三边互动

政府、市场与公民社会作为公共事务管理的制度与机制安排,有其各自独特的行动资源及行动逻辑,也各有其特定的行动范围和有效边界。在公共治理理论的视阈下,政府、市场与社会都不是惟一的治理主体,三者间的互动、合作成为必然选择。政府、市场与公民社会三种机制运行中各存在比较优势与不足,公共治理的理论基础是政府、市场与公民社会的三边互动。为了实现公共领域的良好治理,必须而且应当建立起三者良性互动的网络治理机制,在互动中开辟解决社会公共问题、增进社会公共利益的有效途径。     

基于协同演化效应的专业市场与产业集群互动创生机制研究——以“义乌商圈”为例

专业市场与产业集群互动发展是区域经济发展过程中重要而独特的经济演化现象。基于经济系统之间的协同演化效应,本文提出了一个专业市场与产业集群互动的创生机制概念模式,以揭示二者互动的一般条件和特殊条件及其对互动过程与模式的支撑和决定作用。最后,以＂义乌商圈＂为例,重点分析了专业市场主导型互动模式的演化特征及其条件。     

TOWARD AN ANALYTICAL CRIMINOLOGY: THE MICRO–MACRO PROBLEM,CAUSAL MECHANISMS,AND PUBLIC POLICY

In this address, I revisit the micro–macro problem in criminology, arguing for an “analytical criminology” that takes an integrated approach to the micro–macro problem. I begin by contrasting an integrated methodological‐individualist approach with traditional holist and individualist approaches. An integrated approach considers the concept of emergence and tackles the difficult problem of specifying causal mechanisms by which interactions among individuals produce social organizational outcomes. After presenting a few examples of micro–macro transitions relevant to criminology, I discuss research programs in sociology and economics that focus on these issues. I then discuss the implications of social interaction effects for making causal inferences about crime and for making crime policy recommendations.     

The Government’s Regulatory Obligations to Public Utilities Franchise

Under the public utilities franchise system, the executive branch may transfer the task of providing public utilities services for the common good to a private party. It should undertake to regulate and prevent the private party from pursuing its own interests to the detriment of public interest while discharging its duty under the public utilities franchise. Since any public interest must be enjoyed by all individuals, we can say that the obligations owed under administrative regulations aim at the ultimate goal of increasing individual welfare. In the public utilities franchise system, regulations of this kind can be divided into six different categories: maintaining and promoting necessary market competition, ensuring the continuity of public utilities services, ensuring non-discriminatory provision of public utilities services, ensuring the quality of public utilities services, ensuring reasonable charges for public utilities services, and ensuring the conservation of energy and protection of the environment while providing public utilities services. The absence of governmental regulation of the provision of public utilities and of reforms in such services in China has harmed both public interest and the rights and interests of consumers. Some of the problems caused include chaotic market access for public utilities, no guarantee of the sustainability of public utilities, the failure of the universality of public utilities, declining quality of public utilities, sharp rise in the prices of public utilities, insufficient regulations on the conservation of energy and environmental protection, and so on. In order to achieve the effective implementation of the administrative regulations and obligations therein with respect to public utilities and the maximization of public interest, the Chinese government should enhance its consciousness of regulating public utilities, improve the legal system to regulate public utilities, perfect the regulatory system for public utilities, and establish a system of liability to compensate for failures in regulation.     

DO CELLMATES MATTER? A CAUSAL TEST OF THE SCHOOLS OF CRIME HYPOTHESIS WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION AND DETERRENCE THEORIES

In the schools of crime hypothesis, social interactions between inmates are assumed to produce criminogenic rather than deterrent prison peer effects, thus implicating them in the persistence of high recidivism rates and null or criminogenic prison effects. We assess the validity of the schools of crime hypothesis by estimating prison peer effects that result from differential cellmate associations in a male, first‐time release cohort from the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections. To isolate causal prison peer effects in the presence of essential heterogeneity, we use a semiparametric local instrumental variables estimation strategy. Our results do not support the school of crime hypothesis. In our sample, prison peer effects produced in interaction with more criminally experienced cellmates are always null or deterrent rather than criminogenic. Although we do not explicitly test for the operant conditioning mechanisms theorized to underlie social influence in the context of differential association, we argue that, under the assumption that the differential association context relates positively to the direction of peer influence, our universally noncriminogenic estimates exclude direct reinforcement, vicarious reinforcement, and direct punishment as potential drivers of prison peer effects produced in interaction with more criminally experienced cellmates. Our results support the assertion that operant conditioning mechanisms connect differential association and deterrence theories.     

警民互动的理论基础研究

当前我国正在全面实施社区警务战略,其核心内容就是通过警民之间的互动,充分利用社区资源凝聚社区的向心力,从而解决社区中的治安问题。但不管在理论界还是在实战部门,对警民互动的理论缺乏研究。本文提出了警民互动的四个理论基础：社会契约论(Thesocialcontract)、变革管理理论(ManagingChange)、破窗理论(BrokenWindowTheory)和社会控制理论(SocialContrloTheory)。     

论市民社会与继承制度的走向

市民社会的成长决定了继承制度的演进。本文旨在透过市民社会的历史变迁及其与政治国家的互动关系,发现现代继承制度为影印市民社会与政治国家的格局所应考虑的问题。文章第一部分,从继承的目的、继承的客体、继承的主体以及继承当事人的意愿等四个方面,分析了古代市民社会的不成熟性;第二部分,分别从古代社会家(族)内部和家(族)之间寻找市民社会的生长点,揭示继承制度随着市民社会的发展成熟而演进的过程;第三部分,从与第一部分相对应的四个方面,分析市民社会与政治国家的并立与互动关系,提出我国继承制度中存在的一些问题和现代继承制度的走向。     

Mother-Adolescent Health Communication: Are All Conversations Created Equally?

Fifty-two mother-adolescent dyads (mean adolescent age = 16.3) participated in an observational study of communication about health topics. The aim of the study was to examine mother-adolescent conversations about health issues—drugs/alcohol, sexuality, nutrition/exercise—to determine the extent to which the mothers treat these issues similarly. Across conversations, mothers spent more time asking questions than lecturing or discussing negative consequences. Mothers discussed negative consequences less in the nutrition/exercise and sexuality conversations than in the drug/alcohol conversation. Mothers asked fewer questions when discussing nutrition/exercise than drugs/alcohol, and lectured more in the nutrition/exercise conversation than in the sexuality conversation. The results of this study have implications for intervention programmers advocating in the media that parents “talk to your kids” about these health issues. Tanya L. Boone is an Assistant Professor of Psychology at California State University, Bakersfield. She received her Ph.D. in 2003 from The Pennsylvania State University. Her major research interests include adolescent risk behaviors and the influences on such behaviors, with a focus on family influences. Eva S. Lefkowitz is an Associate Professor of Human Development and Family Studies at The Pennsylvania State University. She received her Ph.D. in 1998 from the University of California, Los Angeles. Her major research interests include the development of attitudes, behaviors, and relationships during adolescence and emerging adulthood.     

民族文化与生态环境的互动关系

生态环境与民族文化有着密不可分的联系,这种联系主要表现为:文化的存在与发展总是与生态环境的发展变化相关。一方面,文化多元性是人们在生态多样性的环境下适应性反应的产物;另一方面,在趋同的生境状况下,由于生产力低下和外来文化影响等原因,多元的民族文化在某种程度上又呈现出同一性特征。乡土传统文化模式的重构推动着民族文化与生态环境良性互动发展。