Trade Measures and Climate Compliance: Institutional Interplay Between WTO and the Marrakesh Accords

This article examines the potential of trade measures to induce more climate-friendly policies, focusing on the relationship between global trade rules and the Kyoto climate regime. At the core of this interplay is the normative consistency of trade-related rules in the two regimes and any hierarchical relationship between them. The stronger clout of the WTO and its compulsory dispute settlement system suggest that issues involving competing claims would be referred to WTO bodies. Such bodies have so far been restrictive regarding the exceptions in WTO agreements to the general ban on embargoes and discrimination. The normative compatibility of the two regimes will also depend on their participatory interplay, specifically how they differentiate groups of actors as to rights and obligations. Non-members of WTO receive the least protection, and their vulnerability to climate-related trade measures is largely determined by their interdependence with states that consider employment of such measures. Among WTO members, the findings of a dispute settlement body would presumably differ depending on the status of the target under the Kyoto Protocol. A non-complier with Kyoto commitments would be more shielded than a non-party, because by joining the Kyoto regime a non-complier has exposed itself to regime-internal and less trade intrusive measures that should be exhausted first. A third dimension of interplay is linkage, or efforts to influence the regime interplay. To date there has only been moderate cross-agency coordination, but considerable attention is paid within each regime, including in the Millennium Round of trade negotiations, to the desirability of avoiding conflict between them.     

Examining Space–Time Interaction in City-Level Homicide Data: Crack Markets and the Diffusion of Guns Among Youth

This paper examines the linkage between crack market activity and gunhomicide suggested by Blumstein (1995), who argues that the arrival ofcrack stimulated an increased availability of guns among juveniles. Thisgreater availability of guns, the argument continues, is responsible for thesharp upswing in juvenile homicide experienced in the United States in themid-1980s. Using city-level data on crack arrests and gun-related juvenilehomicide, we fit a change-point version of the Bass (1969) model ofinnovation diffusion. We find that, in most large American cities, thediffusion process for crack cocaine experienced an onset of dramatic growththat was followed by a similar, slightly slower growth in gun homicidescommitted by juveniles. We further use cluster analysis to find that thespatial patterning of the two processes is similar, starting on the East andWest Coasts and working their way toward other regions of the nation. Gunuse in homicide among slightly older offenders (ages 18–24) alsoexperienced a change at roughly the same time as the juveniles, but the rateof diffusion was considerably milder than for the younger group; offendersages 25 or older generally show no growth in gun-related homicide whatsoever. In addition, there is no detectable surge in juvenile nongun homicide activity. Based on these findings, we conclude that the crack cocaine markets–gun availability linkage is highly plausible, and we suggest directions for future research in clarifying the dynamics of the late-1980s surge in juvenile homicide.     

从微观行为视角看中国政府间纵向关系

改革开放以来,中国上下级政府间互动模式发生了一定的改变,其主要原因在于制度环境的变迁。当前,上下级政府间互动模式具有一定的积极影响,但也存在个人化色彩较重、部分规范性文件法理权威不足、决策执行效率低等问题。因此,完善法制和加强人大的地位,有助于解决目前存在的问题,引导上下级政府间向互动良性发展。     

构建地方政府与公众双向互动的公共关系模式——地方治理理论的视角

强大的“权力性政治”和孱弱的“权利性公民”并存，导致地方政府与公众“双向互动”方面存在不足，束缚着地方公共关系的良序发展。地方政府在治理过程中应积极转变自身角色定位，从价值转换、理念提升、渠道拓宽和形象塑造等方面强化公共关系互动，为地方治理创造和谐的社会生态环境。     

刑法“过滤式”教学法研究——寓能力培养于课堂之上

刑法“过滤式”教学法以基本知识讲授为基础、案例讨论为纽带、理论探讨为进路、专题讲座为深化,层层过滤,在满足公安院校职业教育特点的同时,循序渐进地提高学生的刑事执法实战能力。它不单纯是教师在讲课时运用的一种授课技巧,而是由多种方法组成的教学系统。其最大的特点是教师和学生共同营造了一个近乎公安刑事执法实战的教学环境。     

少年违法犯罪生成的社会学分析

少年违法犯罪现象的日益严重引起了全社会的共同关注,从理论上分析和理解少年犯罪的成因是应对和处理少年犯罪的基础。本文从社会学宏观的角度分析了少年社会化过程中社会文化、社会互动以及社会依恋与少年违法犯罪生成的关系,以期揭示少年违法犯罪形成的原因,从而有助于保护少年的健康成长。     

From Reflection to Refraction: Rethinking Paradigms of Cultural Interaction and Identity in Peru and Mexico

This article explores the construction and reworking of paradigms of culture contact and identity by social scientists and cultural critics in response to contradictory sociocultural experiences of modernity in Peru and Mexico. It seeks to do so in the context of calls made by the Peruvian critic Antonio Cornejo Polar for greater historicism and critical thinking about these, and the concern that this appeal has since generated in the field of Latin American Cultural Studies. Focusing first on the postcolonial, ideologically driven model of 'mestizaje', the article then traces continuities and discontinuities between it and latter–day thinking about cultural pluralism.     

被害人宽恕与量刑

传统的司法观念将追究犯罪单纯看作国家的职能，因此容易忽视被害人事后宽恕情节对量刑的影响。司法实践中虽然也有将被害人宽恕当作量刑情节的案例，但是却很少有人对此作出详细论述。从量刑的根据、被害人宽恕作为量刑情节的理论支撑和具备的优秀实践价值出发，全面列举了被害人宽恕应该成为一个酌定的量刑情节的理由。     

立足检察职能 打防互动 提高专业预防水平——着眼于犯罪人的主观维度思考

近年来,检察机关在严厉惩办职务犯罪的同时,更加注重职务犯罪预防工作。防不离打,确定职务犯罪预防工作的基本范围;打不离防,实现职务犯罪预防工作的根本目的;打防互动,侦防一体,有效提高专业预防水平。     

日本女性教育家与近代女子教育

近代日本的一些女教育家们参与或独立创办女子学校，鲜明地提出了自己的教育思想和理念，实施各具特色的教育方针，为近代日本女子教育的发展做出了重要贡献，在日本女子教育史乃至日本教育史上写下了壮丽的篇章。本文将从教育思想和理念、学校的影响以及社会活动等方面，来说明这些女教育家及其女子学校在近代日本女子教育史上的地位及作用，并在此基础上对女性与教育的互动作用做一些思考。