侵权法归责原则的论争及其解析

侵权法归责是在某种事故损害出现之后,出于对无辜受害者不公正待遇的同情,从与事故损害有关联的当事人中间选择最为合适的责任承担者的一种努力.公平原则理应属于侵权法归责原则之一,当行为人的过错与责任比较而言显失公平时,需要公平原则予以矫正.侵权法对各归责原则的选择基于一系列与风险和损害相关联的参数,包括行为本身的社会价值、风险的可控程度、行为风险与利益的分布格局、事故造成的受益和损害分布格局和致害人过错与受害人损害的对比关系等.我国民法中的各项特殊侵权行为应依照上述参数重新确定其归责原则,对于本身既具有重要的社会价值又具有难以有效控制风险的行为,只有将收益者对受害者的赔偿看成是实施该行为的一个合法的前提才符合正义的要求.     

Emissions Rights and their Transferability: Equity Concerns over Climate Change Mitigation

Existing literature on equity considerations for climate change mitigation has largely focused on fair burden-sharing at an inter-national level without adequate attention to equity concerns at the intra-national level. However, disparities between regions and income groups within nations pose perhaps more equity concerns over climate change mitigation than those between nations. While international equity can be agreed upon via political negotiation among nations, the poor in both developed and developing countries may not be guaranteed their fair allocation of emissions rights because the necessary institutional framework has yet to be established at both international and national levels. This paper distinguishes three parts of emissions rights and discusses their transferability in view of equity concerns. The author suggests that basic necessity emissions rights are not transferable and non-necessity emissions are fully marketable, while individual contributions to state are subject to collective decision-making or political manipulation at the international level. The exact share of each of the three parts is subject to further investigation, but unlimited free trading of emissions rights is likely to result in equity concerns at both inter- and intra-national levels. Further examination in quantitative terms would represent an interesting case study for a better understanding of the issue.     

股权出资问题研究

《公司法修改草案》将股权纳入出资形式当中,这一做法是值得商榷的。在公司法上,可以作为出资标的物应当符合两项标准:具有确定的价值和可以自由转让。股权作为一项综合性的权利,在不同的公司类型中体现出不同的特征。只有上市公司的流通股和非上市公司的社会公众股能够作为出资标的,而有限责任公司和发起设立的股份有限公司的股权则不宜作为出资标的。并且,《公司法》在承认部分股权可以作为出资的同时,也应当增设相应的救济措施,以弥补股权出资所可能带来的负面影响。     

RACIAL THREAT,CONCENTRATED DISADVANTAGE AND SOCIAL CONTROL: CONSIDERING THE MACRO‐LEVEL SOURCES OF VARIATION IN ARRESTS*

Several studies have examined the relationship between racial threat (measured by the size of black population) and social control imposed on blacks, but evidence of this hypothesis has been mixed. Although dependency on percent black as the main indicator of racial threat in many studies has contributed to the inconsistency in findings, we argue that this literature has also neglected to consider other important conceptual and methodological issues. Using 2000 census and arrest data, we estimate the impact of multiple measures of racial economic threat, such as the size of the black population, racial inequality and black immigration patterns on black arrest rates. Furthermore, by integrating racial competition and race‐relations arguments, we examine how the concentration of black disadvantage may temper the extent to which blacks pose a threat to white interests. Our findings reveal important and conceptually distinct relationships between racial threat, concentrated disadvantage and the use of social control against blacks, particularly when compared to white arrests.     

The emperor has no clothes: A systemic view of the status and future of child custody evaluation (CCE)

For all of the time, effort, and money invested in child custody evaluation (CCE) and for all of evaluators' emphases on collecting empirically sound data, CCE is not itself an empirically robust process. The reliability, validity, efficacy, and efficiency of CCE has never yet been adequately demonstrated. The science has yet even to define and measure the variables that constitute a healthy family, much less how one is to measure and recommend changes for conflicted systems in the midst of tectonic transitions. This article proposes five ways in which family law professionals and the culture at large should work to better serve the needs of our children: (1) the establishment of proactive parenting and co-parenting education intended to diminish the frequency and magnitude of family conflict and improve the quality of child and family functioning; (2) the introduction of organized incentives that motivate healthy parenting and co-parenting practices as opposed to negative consequences that do too-little, too-late; (3) a greater emphasis on social equity, cultural humility, and universal professional training; (4) the creation of ethical guidelines that disconnect continuing conflict from professional income; and (5) outcome research that feeds back into the evolution of these and related processes.     

检察权运作中的若干问题

检察官是代表社会公共利益的法律守护人,应恪守客观公正义务,做到以人为本、诚信、理性、持衡.检察权的运作应遵循"检察工作一体化"的思路,体现检察权的谦抑性:克制、妥协、宽容,以实现公平正义的目标.作为履行法律监督职能的检察机关,外部有系统完整的监督机制,不存在单向监督效应.     

社会性别公平促进决策支持系统研究——在生殖健康/计划生育优质服务领域的探索

本研究以西安交通大学人口与发展研究所开发的社会性别公平促进工具箱为基础,设计并初步实现了适用于中国县区级的生殖健康/计划生育优质服务领域的社会性别公平促进决策支持系统。该系统针对中国县区促进社会性别主流化的需求,将社会性别理念定量化、操作化、模型化、信息化,为县区级政府开展社会性别公平促进提供可供选择的决策咨询,促进决策科学化。     

论妥协在实现社会公平的地位与作用

当前我国社会贫富阶层间的利益矛盾冲突、社会不公平现象,主要是由收入分配不合理造成的。解决这一问题,除了实行积极的收入分配政策外,妥协也是一种化解与缓和贫富阶层间利益矛盾冲突、改变社会分配不公现象的手段和调节收入分配的利益整合机制。     

论面临死刑犯罪人诉讼权利的保障

诉讼程序中设置诉讼权利的保障措施,旨在保障处于弱势地位的犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的合法权益,确保其诉讼主体地位,以求最终实现程序公正和实体公正。实践中,面临死刑的犯罪嫌疑人的诉讼权利,在诉讼的不同阶段表现为不同的形式,应该根据诉讼阶段的不同特点对其采取不同的保障措施。