Knowledge free and ‘unfree’: Epistemic tensions in plant knowledge at the Cape in the 17th and 18 th centuries1

ABSTRACT

This article utilises the same epistemic objects, particular indigenous medicinal plants of the Cape region, to explore the gamut of epistemologies in contested, dynamic tension in the early Cape Colony: That of the frontiersman, the Khoikhoi, the Sonqua or Sankwe, and the slave. Drawing on a transdisciplinary set of literatures, the article puts Africana studies, the study of indigenous knowledge systems, and social studies of science and technology in wider conversation with each other, and argues for the adoption of an epistemic openness, methodologies which ‘braid’ seemingly separate strands of social history and differing knowledge practices, and cross-border collaboration among scholars of African and African diasporic knowledges. The findings and interpretation suggest new ways to view the ‘multiplexity’ of early indigenous southern African botanical, therapeutic and ecological knowledges, as well as the necessity for rethinking both the construction of colonial sciences and contemporary concerns about indigenous knowledge, biosciences and their 21^st century interaction.     

Western Medical Education on Trial: The Endurance of Peking Union Medical College, 1949–1985

Abstract

In the early twentieth century, Beijing's Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) stood as a prominent symbol of Western medical science and education in China. After the People's Republic of China was established in 1949, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) took control of the College between 1952 and 1956.This article argues that the endurance of PUMC as an institute of scientific, Western biomedicine in China was largely contingent upon reforms that the PLA instituted there. Drawing on Chinese accounts, as well as the observations of North American and European physicians, it asserts that political campaigns under Army leadership vehemently attacked American influences on the College but avoided direct criticisms of Western medical science itself. This dynamic politically legitimized the Western medical education that the College embodied. It also permitted PUMC to contribute to the development of Chinese military medicine, suggesting a significant connection between civilian and military medical education in the early People's Republic.     

古代中国与东南亚中医药交流

古代中国与东南亚国家的中医药交流始于秦汉时期,结束于清朝前期。本文共分四个部分,前三个部分分别阐述秦汉魏晋、隋唐宋元以及明清三个阶段双方交流的方式及特点,最后论述中国与东南亚国家的中医药交流给双方带来的影响。     

悲伤情绪人群立冬节气表现特点分析

目的探索非疾病悲伤情绪大学生立冬节气的躯体、情绪和人格表现特点及其相互的关联性,从中医角度讨论悲伤情绪的内在病机。方法运用自拟躯体健康状况调查问卷、贝克焦虑量表(Beck Anxiety Inventory,BAI)、贝克抑郁量表(Beck Depression Inventory,BDI)及艾森克人格问卷简式量表(Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revise Short Scale for Chinese,EPQ-RSC)作为测评工具,在立冬节气对中医院校大学生的悲伤情绪进行问卷调查。结果 308例被试者中,共有169例存在悲伤情绪。在躯体健康状况调查问卷的躯体总分、精神情绪总分,BAI评分,BDI评分,以及EPQ-RSC的多个因子方面,男性和女性悲伤被试者与不悲伤者比较,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05,或P0.01)。169例悲伤被试者中,出现频率大于50%的躯体不适条目有口干、头部不适、疲乏无力、怕冷、咽部不适和善太息;有3%的被试者存在焦虑情绪,21.3%的被试者存在抑郁情绪,悲伤者合并有注意力下降、郁闷和烦躁等精神情绪失调。女性悲伤被试者EPQ-RSC量表的P、N因子评分显著高于不悲伤者,L因子评分显著低于不悲伤者;男性悲伤被试者EPQRSC量表的E因子评分显著低于不悲伤者(P0.01)。经Pearson相关分析发现,悲伤情绪评分与BAI、BDI及躯体健康亚量表的一些条目评分存在显著相关性。结论悲伤情绪者具有一定程度的躯体不适,合并有较多的情绪失调,人格特质具有性别差异性。悲伤情绪者的病机为肝郁脾虚、胃脘气滞、气机失调。     

Suicide Among Children and Adolescents in a Province of Turkey

Abstract:  Despite well-documented increases in completed suicides among children, accurate knowledge of the characteristics of these suicides is very limited. The aim of this study was to investigate general characteristics of suicide among children and adolescents in the province of Istanbul and to evaluate obtained results in the light of the literature. Data were collected from autopsy records of the Morgue Department of Institute of Forensic Medicine, Istanbul. General characteristics of completed suicides among children and adolescents between 2001 and 2005 were retrospectively reviewed. The study included 176 suicides aged 9–19 years. The overwhelming majority of the suicides (92%) were aged 15–19 years. More than half of the suicides (60%) were male. The most frequent means of suicide was hanging (55%) followed by firearms (20%) and jump or descent from height (15%).     

图片再认ERP在重型颅脑损伤后记忆障碍鉴定的应用

目的探讨图片再认事件相关电位（ERP）对重型颅脑损伤（sTBI）后记忆障碍法医学鉴定的应用价值。方法采用韦氏记忆量表（WMS—RC）和Neuroscan ERP仪,对74例健康志愿者（对照组）及需评定精神伤残等级的29例重型颅脑损伤后记忆障碍者（sTBI组）进行记忆能力和图片再认ERP检测。结果sTBI组WMS-RC各分测验量表分及记忆商数（MQ）均值均明显低于对照组（P〈0．01）;完成ERP任务的反应时、正确率明显延长和降低（P〈0．01）。对照组在靶与非靶刺激呈现后170ms和500ms左右均可记录到潜伏期无显著性差异的二个正向波（P170和P500）,但靶刺激诱发的P500波幅明显高于非靶刺激（P〈0．01）;sTBI组可记录到相似的ERP波形,但各成分的波幅、潜伏期均明显降低和延长（P〈0．01）。sTBI组P500潜伏期与WMS—RC的记图、再认、再生分测验量表分和MQ值均呈高度负相关（r=-0．73～-0．83,P〈0．01）,而与伤残等级呈明显正相关（r=0．65,P〈0．01）。结论图片再认诱发的Psoo潜伏期与WMS-RC反映的短时记忆功能及鉴定的精神伤残等级明显相关,可为sTBI后记忆障碍的伤残鉴定提供一项较客观的神经电生理依据。     

脑损伤患者听觉P300电位特点

目的探讨听觉P300电位对脑损伤患者认知功能障碍程度法医学评价的应用价值。方法对正常人和脑损伤患者,分别在主动（踩踏板）与被动任务状态下进行听觉P300测试。结果正常人主动任务状态P300电位中的N2、P3波波幅较被动状态高,潜伏期无明显延长,N1、P2波幅Cz点高于Pz点。脑损伤组被动任务状态下N2、P3波波幅较正常人被动状态下高．且潜伏期延长。脑损伤组主动任务状态P300电位中的N2、P3波波幅较被动状态高,且潜伏期延长。注意障碍患者P3波潜伏期改变最明显。结论任务类型主要影响N2、P3波幅。被动反应中的N2、P3潜伏期可作为评价脑损伤患者认知功能的指标。     

近视眼底改变与功能相关性的研究及其法医学意义

目的研究近视眼底改变与视觉功能的关系;研究近视者轻度眼部钝挫伤后眼底改变与视觉功能的关系。对象与方法选取不同程度的近视志愿者104人/170眼及眼部轻度钝挫伤的近视者56人/112眼分别作为实验组和眼外伤组,按眼底变化分为0至4级,并测定弧盘比值,分别检测其屈光度、矫正视力及静态视野。结果在实验组和眼外伤组中,眼底改变、包括弧盘比值均与近视屈光程度、矫正视力、静态视野平均缺失敏感度相关。结论运用眼底分级可以估计受检眼的视觉功能,弧盘比值可以作为有效的补充手段;轻度眼部钝挫伤的近视者若仅见视觉功能降低,而未检见明显的眼球结构损伤性改变,则不能简单地按照伤后检见的视觉功能水平作为法医学鉴定的依据。     

Post-mortem investigation of calcium content in liver, heart, and skeletal muscle in accidental hypothermia cases

The identification of hypothermia as cause of the death was always quite problematic in the field of forensic medicine. The aim of the present study was to verify the determination of calcium content in post-mortem liver, heart, and skeletal muscle samples as the biochemical marker defining hypothermia as the cause of death. The study involved 43 autopsy cases in which the circumstances of death indicated the effects of overcooling. The control group consisted of material collected from the corpses of 30 persons who were not exposed to low temperatures but died due to technical injuries (n = 5), asphyxia (n = 6), intoxication with ethanol and other substances (n = 8), and acute myocardial infarction/ischemia (n = 11). The concentration of calcium in autopsy samples was determined applying flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Our study showed no significant differences of calcium content in tissues of persons who died due to hypothermia, over those who died in normothermic conditions.     

473例艾滋病毒感染者和艾滋病患者中医临床症状和证候分布规律初探

目的:对皖北地区艾滋病毒(human immunodeficiency virus, HIV)感染者和艾滋病(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS)患者的中医临床症状和证候特点进行初步探讨.方法:采用中医临床流行病学调查方法,制定统一的临床观察表与调查方法,用Excel建立相关数据库,对症状、体征和证型的频数分布进行统计.结果:皖北地区HIV感染者和AIDS患者的感染途径主要为经血感染;临床症状以乏力、气短为最多见;HIV期以气血两亏型为最多见,AIDS期以气阴两虚、肺肾不足型,肝经风火、湿毒蕴结型,脾肾亏虚、湿邪阻滞型和气虚血瘀、邪毒壅滞型为前4位复合证型.结论:AIDS中医临床症状特征是"以虚为主,虚实夹杂,气血津液俱亏,湿毒瘀虚同在",证型特征是"复杂多变,以虚为本,多脏腑受累",病情呈现渐行性发展、渐进性加重之特点.