Using the institutional grammar tool to understand regulatory compliance: The case of Colorado aquaculture

What is the relationship between the design of regulations and levels of individual compliance? To answer this question, Crawford and Ostrom's institutional grammar tool is used to deconstruct regulations governing the aquaculture industry in Colorado, USA. Compliance with the deconstructed regulatory components is then assessed based on the perceptions of the appropriateness of the regulations, involvement in designing the regulations, and intrinsic and extrinsic motivations. The findings suggest that levels of compliance with regulations vary across and within individuals regarding various aspects of the regulatory components. As expected, the level of compliance is affected by the perceived appropriateness of regulations, participation in designing the regulations, and feelings of guilt and fear of social disapproval. Furthermore, there is a strong degree of interdependence among the written components, as identified by the institutional grammar tool, in affecting compliance levels. The paper contributes to the regulation and compliance literature by illustrating the utility of the institutional grammar tool in understanding regulatory content, applying a new Q‐Sort technique for measuring individual levels of compliance, and providing a rare exploration into feelings of guilt and fear outside of the laboratory setting.     

Torn in translation: An ethnographic study of regulatory decision‐making in Turkey

There is much literature on the diffusion and translation of regulatory agencies from the perspective of formal political models. Ethnographic research of regulation process is, however, much less common. This is even more evident with regards to the study of regulatory agencies established outside the “West.” This article analyzes the translation process of the Turkish tobacco regulatory agency, which was established in 2002, under commitments made to the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Based on an ethnographic analysis of two controversial cases, the study shows that tobacco regulation was being shaped and pursued in an environment of ambivalence and uncertainty. The study concludes that the decision‐making process of the agency is context‐specific and constructed within the perpetual struggles and interactions among the actors involved in this process.     

基于利益相关者约束的湿地公园多主体参与监管模式构建

本文将利益相关者理论引入湿地公园旅游监管领域,认为湿地公园旅游发展现实中存在的主要矛盾是由于忽视了多个利益相关者的利益诉求差异而引起的。为了实现可持续发展的湿地公园发展战略目标,需要构建利益相关者参与的监管模式。在湿地公园的规划、开发和管理过程中积极主动地吸引多个利益相关者代表参与,最大限度地兼顾到利益相关者的独特利益诉求,最终实现湿地公园生态旅游与可持续发展的双赢。     

论我国环境执法机制的完善——从规制俘获的视角

规制俘获是被规制者对规制机构的一种支配和控制。由于规制机构所享有的宽泛的自由裁量权、被规制对象与规制受益人对规制过程参与的非对等性以及规制主体与被规制对象的利益结盟等原因,我国环境执法过程中出现了＂规制俘获＂,其表现为环境执法不严。为破解这一迷局,必须规范自由裁量权、强化环境保护目标责任制,并在各环境单行法中引入环境公民诉讼。     

数字贸易的“风险二重性”与规制合作

数字贸易作为一种新贸易模式,地位日趋重要,然而当前针对数字贸易的国际和国内规则呈现的仍然是差异化和碎片化的治理结构。由于数字贸易本身的"非物理化"特征,使该贸易模式蕴藏着新型风险。一方面,数字贸易涉及危害国家安全、消费者隐私泄露、网络洗钱等"原生风险";另一方面,针对以上"原生风险",国家基于网络安全、公共道德例外等实施新的规制措施,但却受缚于传统贸易下的国际法承诺,因此规制措施可能被判违反国际规则,由此形成规制的"次生风险"。关键还在于,当前WTO主要成员数字贸易规制理念和路径呈"三足鼎立"之势,对新规则制定的话语权争夺激烈,这进一步加剧潜在争端的可能。全球数字贸易良性发展更寄希望于各方化解分歧、实现双边、区域和多边的规制合作。中国政府和企业积极参与数字贸易国际规则的协调与合作,有利于中国数字经济的发展,并为其互联网法律治理提供更大的弹性空间、降低数字贸易中的国家规制风险。     

基础设施产业政府监管权的配置

本文探讨了中国基础设施产业政府监管权的配置问题 ,提出监管权的配置主要涉及到四个方面 :政策部门与监管机构之间的权力配置 ;监管机构之间的权力配置 ;监管机构与反垄断机构之间的权力配置 ;中央监管机构与地方监管机构之间的权力配置。文章集中对前三个方面的权力配置提出了一些具体的改革建议和设想     

De facto independence after delegation: A fuzzy‐set analysis

The phenomenon of delegating public authority from elected politicians (or ministries headed by elected politicians) to formally independent regulatory agencies (RAs) is becoming increasingly widespread. This paper examines the relation between formal independence, as prescribed in the constitutions of agencies, and de facto independence. Toward this end, it conceptualizes and assesses de facto independence of RAs, and discusses organizational, institutional, and political explanations for divergence from formal independence. The complex relations between de facto and formal independence are examined with a cross‐national, cross‐sectoral comparison of 16 Western European RAs using fuzzy‐set analysis. The results show that formal independence is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for explaining variations in the de facto independence of agencies. Other factors, such as the lifecycle of agencies, veto players, and European networks of agencies, have a decisive impact.     

Transformations de l'autorégulation et nouvelles régulations publiques en matière de gouvernement d'entreprise en Suisse (1985‐2002)

La Suisse a toujours connu une forte tradition d'autorégulation par les acteurs privés dans les sphères économiques au détriment d'un cadre légal très étendu. Cela s'avère particulièrement vrai en matière de gouvernement d'entreprise, notamment en ce qui concerne le droit des sociétés, la surveillance des marchés boursiers ou le droit comptable. En raison du caractère très général de la législation, divers mécanismes de gouvernance privée ont généralement complété la base légale minimale dans ces trois domaines. Depuis une vingtaine d'années, on assiste cependant à une profonde transformation de ces mécanismes d'autorégulation dans le sens d'une formalisation accrue et d'un remplacement progressif des solutions privées par des réglementations publiques plus précises dans cinq domaines cruciaux: transférabilité des actions, droit de vote des actions en dépôt auprès des banques, offres publiques d'achat, surveillance des marchés boursiers et établissement des normes comptables. Sous l'effet des transformations de l'environnement international, de l'évolution des préférences de certains acteurs économiques importants et de l'affirmation de nouveaux acteurs (investisseurs institutionnels et experts‐comptables notamment), le cadre réglementaire du gouvernement d'entreprise suisse a été réformé en profondeur.     

当前我国证券犯罪的原因剖析

证券犯罪是随着证券市场的发展而必然出现的现象。中国证券市场十多年来的发展取得了巨大的成就。但同时也存在不少问题,证券欺诈、内幕交易、操纵股市等证券违法犯罪现象也时有发生。这些行为既侵害了证券市场正常的管理秩序,又可能侵害广大投资者的合法权益。笔者结合我国证券犯罪的现状,剖析了其形成的原因,以期有针对性地完善我国证券法律制度。     

Big audit firms as regulatory intermediaries in transnational labor governance

Due diligence and corporate disclosure initiatives effectively expand the role of professional service firms as regulatory intermediaries in the governance of conditions of production in global supply chains. In this paper, we examine the rise of the “Big Four” audit firms in the market for services connected to transnational labor governance. Through a qualitative case study of audit firms in modern slavery governance, we argue that the Big Four's political repertoire for transnational labor governance expands beyond the roles that are typically linked to their services, and promotes an agenda that touches on key debates on what constitutes proper transnational labor governance. Big audit firms engage in a variety of informal and covert influencing practices and are shown to promote an agenda of incrementalist soft‐law labor governance, opposing concrete performance targets, binding public regulation and an independent watchdog role for civil society.