The European regulation of corporate social responsibility: The role of beneficiaries' intermediaries

Intended beneficiaries have an undeniable relevance to regulation. However, current research has focused mainly on the two‐party relationship between rulemaking and rule‐taking. We attempt to fill this gap by exploring the formal and informal roles that beneficiaries’ intermediaries played in co‐creating European Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) rules and associated practices between 2000 and 2017. By linking recent conceptualizations of regulatory intermediaries with the literature on critical political CSR, we offer a more dynamic and contextualized understanding of the roles of beneficiaries’ intermediaries. Specifically, we identify six micro‐dynamics through which they influenced the regulatory process. Notably, our findings highlight how the convergence of interests between three groups of beneficiaries’ intermediaries – the Non‐governmental organization–Investor–Union nexus – had a key role in reshaping CSR rules. We conclude that, in the European context, stronger and better‐coordinated beneficiaries’ intermediaries are crucial in order to achieve more effective corporate conduct regulation.     

加强高校学生自律组织建设，促进大学生自我管理

加强高校学生自律组织建设，有利于加强学生的自我管理，是高校学生管理体制改革的需要，有助于学生自身素质的提高。我们可以从校风校纪监督方面、宿舍管理方面、学生的生活等方面来建立大学生自律组织。     

Institutional processes and regulatory risk: A case study of the Thai energy sector

Infrastructure provision the world over has undergone a series of profound changes in the manner of its financing and governance over the last 30 years or so. While the role of the state has diminished as a direct provider, builder and operator of infrastructure, its role as regulator and overseer has undergone substantial growth, increasing the regulatory burden on the state. While this transition has occurred relatively smoothly in developed country contexts, in developing countries the diffusion of the regulatory state has produced manifestly different forms of governance, stressing the regulatory capacity of existing and newly formed regulatory bodies. This paper explores the impact and manifestations of regulatory diffusion in the context of the Thai energy sector and the governance mechanisms responsible for electricity generation, transmission and distribution.     

It runs in the family: Meta-regulation and its siblings

Regulators in different countries and domains experiment with regulatory tools that allow organizations to adapt regulation to their individual circumstances, while holding them accountable for their self-regulation systems. Several labels have been coined for this type of regulation, including systems-based regulation, enforced self-regulation, management-based regulation, principles-based regulation, and meta-regulation. In this article, these forms of regulatory governance are classified as belonging to one family of “process-oriented regulation.” Based on a review of diverse empirical and theoretical research, it is suggested that the family of process-oriented regulation tends to have a positive, albeit varied, impact on organizations' performance, and the factors that shape this inconsistent effect are analyzed. Building on aspects of Parker's normative construct of “meta-regulation,” the article explores the extent to which her innovative notion of a learning-oriented approach to regulation might overcome some of the weaknesses of prevalent process-oriented approaches. It is proposed that under conditions of regulatory uncertainty or entrenched and prevalent non-compliance or both, meta-regulation is likely to have many advantages over other forms of process-oriented regulation. Yet realizing these advantages requires a rare combination of high regulatory capacity, a stable regulatory agenda, and a supportive political environment.     

我国石油行业政府监管机制存在的问题及对策

石油作为人类社会发展中的重要能源,在国家安全战略和人民日常生活中发挥着不可替代的作用,世界各国都对其采取了不同程度的国家控制。在我国,石油行业不仅具有行业本身的自然垄断性,同时由于我国政府的监管方式还使其具有独特的行政垄断性。本文从石油行业本身的技术经济特征入手,分析了我国石油行业政府监管机制存在的问题及立法缺陷,并对《石油法》的择日出台进行了前景展望。     

Unabhaengige Regulierungsinstanzen als parallele Institutionen ‐ Die Auseinandersetzung um die Entbuendelungsverpflichtung auf der letzten Meile in der Schweizer Telekommunikationspolitik

Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Auswirkungen der Einsetzung unabhängiger Regulierungsinstanzen auf den politischen Entscheidungsprozess. Im Lichte der Literatur über institutionelle Redundanz interpretiert der Artikel dabei unabhängige Regulierungsinstanzen als Parallelinstitutionen zum traditionellen Gesetzgebungsprozess. Wenn sowohl eine unabhängige Regulatorin als auch die Institutionen des klassischen Gesetzgebungsprozess in einem Politikbereich entscheiden können, können Reformkreise einen der beiden Instanzenwege frei wählen und haben nach einer Niederlage noch einen zweite Chance in einem weiteren Verfahren. Die daraus entstehenden Interaktionen werden anhand des Konflikts um die letzte Meile in der Schweizer Telekommunikationspolitik mit einem einfachen spieltheoretischen Modell analysiert. Wie der Beitrag zeigt, bringt die Einführung paralleler Entscheidungsinstanzen Vorteile für Reformkreise, allerdings nur unter der Annahme, dass die beiden Instanzenwege unabhängig voneinander entscheiden. Andernfalls spielt die Reihenfolge der Anrufung einzelner Instanzen eine zentrale Rolle. Dabei haben jedoch wiederum die Reformkräfte einen Startvorteil: Sie können die Reihenfolge der anzurufenden Instanzenwege wählen und so die für sie erfolgsversprechendste Kombination wählen. Weiter zeigt der Beitrag auf der empirischen Ebene, dass die Kombination vieler paralleler Entscheidungsverfahren mit starken Vetopunkten innerhalb dieser Instanzenwege die Unsicherheit über den Verfahrensausgang über lange Zeit andauern lassen kann.     

Diffusion,transmutation, and regulatory regime in socialist market economies: telecoms reform in China and Vietnam

Abstract

Marketization and state restructuring are proceeding apace in China and Vietnam. China and Vietnam are not, however, converging upon the global regulatory model, even allowing for customary national variations. Rather, they are building up distinctive forms of regulatory regimes aiming to maintain the party-state's control over key state sectors, while at the same time integrating with the global economy and conforming to international norms and standards. This study argues that the regulatory model being adopted in Vietnam and China is the product of a specific kind of transition from a command to a market economy within an authoritarian political regime. While diffusion theories are of use in identifying external driving forces for the reform effort, these theories are of limited value for unveiling the dynamics of local contexts. Indigenous incentives, opportunity structures, and the experimental nature of public policy explain why, despite their exposure to global reform movements and commitment to multilateral institutions, China and Vietnam are likely to end up not with just a variety of the same regulatory regime, but a different one. The case of telecommunications regulation is used to illustrate this.     

Market Darwinism vs. Market Creationism: Adaptability and Fairness in the Design of Greenhouse Gas Trading Mechanisms

International rule-making and compliance routines with respect to the Kyoto Protocol are evolving rapidly. This paper examines potential designs of emissions-trading programs by comparing the emissions credit trading (ECT) and cap-and-trade models for achieving cost-effective reductions in atmospheric greenhouse-gas (GHG) loading in terms of their adaptability and fairness. Adaptability is a valuable attribute when markets and their governing institutions are evolving rapidly or when regulated entities do not yet have well-established and predictable compliance routines. Fairness in both procedures and outcomes is central to efforts to establish and maintain institutions of international governance. The key difference concerns the awarding of tradable emission rights, which occurs at the launch of a cap-and-trade program but following when firms reduce emissions below baselines in an ECT scheme. Implications of this difference are explored in terms of institutional adaptability and fairness during program-design stages. By not locking in emission rights at the outset, and by being amenable to incremental roll-out, ECT appears to have superior adaptive and fairness qualities during periods of rapid institutional evolution.     

我国慈善组织法治监管创新机制研究——基于香港地区的经验

目前我国內地慈善组织监管错位、监管缺位、监管模式扭曲、监管法治化程度较低等弊端暴露明显,严重挫伤了公民的慈善热情和慈善信心。香港地区的慈善组织法治监管机制在保持慈善界独立自主的同时,确保其受到高效、公平、适度的监管。內地慈善监管问题的解决,可尝试借鉴香港经验,降低监管门槛,设立权威的专门监管机构,明确监管重点,建立科学的监管模式,强化行业自律,完善立法,提高监管的法治化程度,重塑慈善组织的公信力。     

A TURNING POINT FOR GUOHUA?: XU BEIHONG AND TRANSFORMATIVE ENCOUNTERS WITH THE SOCIALIST SPIRIT, 1933–1953

Abstract

This article investigates a transformative encounter between the Chinese artist Xu Beihong (徐悲鴻 1895–1953) and audiences in the Soviet Union during his 1933–1934 exhibitions of Chinese art in Europe. While Xu was exchanging perspectives and addressing questions about Chinese painting, a misreading of one of his paintings sparked in him a reconsideration of content and form that eventually led to the creation of some of the earliest Socialist realist ink-and-color paintings in China. This addition to his repertoire is arguably more significant to his legacy than his most popular works because of the way it heralded the coming Socialist realist evolution in guohua (國畫 national painting) and the manner in which Xu’s choices would meet the ideological needs of the Communist Party well before it secured authority over the direction of China’s arts. Special attention is paid to situating Xu’s personal work vis-à-vis Republican and revolutionary art and explaining how the concurrent political milieu paved the way for both the prestige of his art in popular and cultural memory and the unprecedented stature of his art education methodologies in China’s revolutionary times.