Coercive Assets? Foreign Direct Investment and the Use of Economic Sanctions

How does foreign direct investment (FDI) affect the use of economic coercion? This article argues that while FDI matters, the effect depends on the entry mode of the FDI. The economic interdependence created by FDI does not have a monotonic effect on economic statecraft because the relative costs incurred by economic disruption differ depending on the forms of foreign investment. In particular, the FDI that creates wholly-owned subsidiaries (for example, cross-border mergers and aquisitions) imposes greater costs to the sender's firms than cross-border joint ventures with local partners, while FDI through joint ventures incurs greater costs for the host than the home country and its firms. By utilizing US sanction episodes from the Threat and Imposition of Economic Sanctions (TIES) dataset, the empirical analysis supports the argument. The results show that economic sanctions are less likely to occur as the share of FDI through cross-border mergers and acquisitions increases.     

是共赢不是依赖——试析韩国对华投资与贸易的新特征

上世纪90年代中国经济的高速增长和中韩建交加快了韩国对华投资和贸易的速度,之后的1997年亚洲货币危机时期,中国为稳定亚洲货币而展现出的高度责任感以及中国加入世贸组织,进一步加大了其规模。在投资引导下,贸易中严重偏于以原材料和零部件为主的结构特征,虽使韩连续保持巨额的对华贸易顺差,但也同时提高了和中国经济的联系程度。针对如何看待以对外投资刺激贸易从而带动经济的增长模式,笔者认为,投资国不应只顾虑到外来投资会提升受资国竞争实力、加深依赖甚至产生“飞镖效应”,而应从本国贸易顺差、产业结构升级乃至合作利益的角度出发,认识到这是经济全球化条件下共赢原则的必然选择。     

国际投资仲裁中最惠国条款的适用和管辖权的新发展

国际投资仲裁中某一投资条约规定的最惠国条款能否延伸适用于其他投资条约规定的仲裁程序是近年来的一个热门话题,仲裁裁决的实践给出了两种完全不同的答案,并且依据《维也纳条约法公约》对有关条款进行解释几乎是所有仲裁庭必做的工作.但是近两年的裁决似乎有一种将最惠国条款扩大适用于仲裁程序的趋势,尽管不同仲裁庭甚至同一仲裁庭的不同仲裁员对于同一问题可能会有不同的观点.我国签订的投资条约应当明确最惠国条款和仲裁程序的适用范围,以及规定条约不溯及既往原则等.     

美国环境犯罪严格刑事责任的演化与评析

为了确保食品、药物及环境等涉及公共福利领域的安全,美国法院发展并确立严格刑事责任制度,该制度包括公共福利犯罪原则和有责任的公司管理人员原则。确立环境严格刑事责任的目的是确保刑法在保护环境和促进环境法遵守方面的效率。公共福利犯罪原则和有责任的公司管理人员原则减轻了美国起诉部门的证明责任,降低了司法成本,同时提高了犯罪的成本,增强了刑法的威慑力。这体现了美国环境刑事政策的价值取向是社会利益保护优先和效率优先。     

Foreign Investment and Trade in Cuban Development: A 50-Year Reassessment with Emphasis on the Post-1990 Period

This article provides a 50-year reassessment of foreign investment and trade in Cuba and locates this analysis within Cuban debates on development and the economics of transition. Transformations contextualised in these debates cover three periods. The 1959–1989 period was characterised by nationalisations and expropriations, the imposition of the US trade embargo, and the trade and economic assistance agreements signed with the Soviet Union. The Special Period crisis emerged in the 1990s and Cuba had to turn to foreign investment and alternative trade options while continuing to reject the adoption of open regionalism and neoliberal policies. The 2005–2008 period was characterised by Cuba's incorporation into the Bolivarian Alternative, a new regional integration model.     

跨国公司投资中的环境法律责任探析——以解决对东道国的损害问题为视角

目前，国际环境法对跨国公司的控制都偏“软”，不能起到有效作用。不过，现已出现了一些有希望的原则，包括公布有关有毒排放物数据的义务、在行为开始之前进行环境影响评估研究以及母公司对其子公司环境危害行为应负责任等。为了确保外国投资与东道国的可持续发展目标不相背离，应进一步完善国际环境法，使其更好地控制外国投资，以便促进东道国的可持续发展。     

从“艳照门”事件看隐私权和知情权的冲突

香港“艳照门”事件揭示了公民的隐私权与公众的知情权之间的冲突。如何协调二者之间的冲突，是摆在我们面前急需解决的问题。本文试从隐私权和知情权的产生和发展入手，论述隐私权和知情权的概念、内容等基本理论，分析两者之间的权利冲突，最后提出解决权利冲突的协调方案。     

优化经济投资环境推进卫生行政审批电子政务建设

青岛开发区积极推进电子政务建设，通过实施卫生许可流程再造，盘活卫生资源；探索建立起行政许可、卫生监督、执法稽查“三权分离”的管理模式和“一门受理、责任明确、程序明晰、服务规范、方便快捷”的卫生许可模式；有利于提升行政机关的外部形象，优化经济投资发展环境。     

Does knowledge diffusion between university and industry increase innovativeness?

This paper presents an econometric analysis of the impact of collaboration with universities on the innovative output of firms. We also illustrate the differences that emerge from robustness checks, based on different matching estimators and samples. Our findings strongly suggest that university collaboration has a positive influence on the innovative activity of large manufacturing firms. In contrast, there appears to be an insignificant association between university collaboration and the average service firm’s innovation output.     

论对发展中国家参与投资条约仲裁的援助

近年来,发展中国家签署的双边投资条约在为其营造稳定、透明投资环境的同时,为投资者利用条约仲裁条款挑战东道国政府提供了创新性的争议解决模式。很多发展中国家缺乏参与投资条约仲裁的经验,并且没有能力支付雇用外部律师的昂贵费用,投资条约仲裁的合法性受到威胁。投资条约仲裁法律援助中心的建立,可以为发展中国家获取法律权威资料和法律专门人才提供便利,以使其能有效地应对投资条约争议的申请。