论我国饮用水源保护法律调控的基本指导思想

因世界性饮用水源紧缺和污染所导致的饮用水源危机,不仅严重威胁着人们的生命健康和生存,而且随时可能引发国际政治问题。因此,饮用水源的保护被提上了世界各国的议事日程,并成为国际社会共同关注的焦点。可持续发展战略作为一种新的发展模式,是当代人类的普遍共识。本文在分析的基础上提出我国饮用水源保护立法应当以可持续发展为基本指导思想,以期对完善或创新我国饮用水源保护法律调控的理论和实践提供依据和思路。     

死刑的程序之维

死刑正当程序的必要性在于防止错杀与滥杀。死刑的正当程序既要满足普通司法规则,又是一种特殊、烦琐与代价高昂的程序。中国现行的死刑司法,未能充分满足普通司法规则,缺乏正当程序所应有的特殊性,且过于简化而代价低廉,因而不符合正当程序的要求。为了有效地防止错杀与滥杀,最大限度地减少死刑的适用,中国的死刑司法应该从正当程序的要求出发,尽快实现程序的正当化。     

论违反婚约的损害赔偿之债的法律性质

就违反婚约的损害赔偿之债的法律性质,英、美、德、法等国的成文法或判例法大体上可分为属于"侵权行为"的损害赔偿之债、属于"债务不履行"的损害赔偿之债、兼跨"债务不履行"损害赔偿之债和"侵权行为"损害赔偿之债、属于"其他依法律之特别规定"的损害赔偿之债四种.就违反婚约的损害赔偿之债的法律性质,学说大体上可分为债务不履行说、侵权行为说、违反"契约性的婚约"构成债务不履行而违反"事实性的婚约"构成不法行为说、财产损害赔偿基于契约不履行而非财产上损害赔偿基于侵权行为说、特种责任说五类.违反婚约的损害赔偿之债当属侵权行为之债.     

论对资助行政行为的控制

给付行政作为现代行政的一项基本职能,虽然不同于传统的规制行政,但亦应遵循法治主义的基本原则。给付行政大致可分为供给行政、资助行政和社会保障行政等领域。以资助行政为研究对象,在分析资助行政行为的一般理论的基础上,从资助资金、资助规则、资助程序以及对资助行政行为的司法审查等角度,分析对资助行政权力的制约机制,以促进该领域的法治建设。     

军政军民团结50年的回顾

我军始终把维护和保持社会稳定、积极支持和参加经济建设、奋勇参加抢险救灾、加强民族团结共建稳固文明的边防、开展军民共建和“双拥”活动作为密切军政军民关系的主要内容， 使军政军民关系逐步向规范化、制度化迈进。加强军政军民团结， 在政治上有利于维护国家的长治久安， 在经济上有利于促进生产力的发展； 在军事上有利于提高部队战斗力。     

社会权司法救济之宪政分析

社会权是与自由权同等重要的宪法权利。透视各国宪政实践可以清晰地观察到,社会权宪法化及其救济司法化的趋势业已形成,并以三种方式呈现巨大的发展潜力。一是宪法明确规定社会权,并视之为主观权利予以直接司法救济;二是宪法没有明确规定社会权,但确立了司法审查,通过适用正当程序和平等保护原则予以间接司法救济;三是宪法规定社会权作为国家政策指导原则,且视之为客观权利予以间接司法救济。很明显,社会权具有一定范围和程度的可诉性。     

WTO协议司法审查原则与行政诉讼检察监督之回应

根据WTO司法审查原则,我国人民法院对行政行为的审查范围、审查标准和审查依据等方面都 与目前《行政诉讼法》的规定有不同之处。因此,检察机关应当针对入世后行政诉讼的这些变化 及时应对,为未来进一步完善行政诉讼检察监督工作做好准备。     

海洛因地理来源研究进展

对海洛因地理来源的判断一直是世界各国较为关注的问题。本文主要从技术角度出发,结合作者与美国缉毒署(DEA)特殊样品检测和研究实验室(STRL)进行技术交流的情况,对最近30年世界各国对海洛因来源判断研究的分析方法和数据处理方法进行了综述和探讨。     

Comparing the Validity of Prospective,Retrospective, and Official Onset for Different Offending Categories

Using data from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, a prospective longitudinal study of 411 London males, the main aim of this research is to compare the age of onset of six types of offenses according to different methods of measurement – prospective self-reports, retrospective self-reports, and official records – and also to explore self-reported and official onset sequences. Results showed that ages of onset reported in retrospective accounts generally tended to be higher than those reported prospectively. Agreement rates between prospective and retrospective accounts were lowest for minor forms of offending, and highest for more serious offenses such as theft of vehicles. Males with heavy substance use habits were less likely to report the same age of onset retrospectively compared with prospectively. Denial rates were substantial in all comparisons, particularly for minor forms of offending. Comparisons between self-reported and official measures of onset revealed that there was a greater degree of agreement between the two measures for serious offenses. Whereas self-reported onset sequences suggested that minor crimes were committed before more serious offenses, official onset sequences suggested the reverse. The findings show that retrospective reports are not suitable to address research questions requiring detailed information (i.e., most criminal career parameters: age of onset, frequency, age of termination, etc.), for studying minor forms of offending, and for samples of individuals with serious substance use habits. Furthermore, official measures of offending can also produce misleading results, particularly when studying minor forms of offending.     

Can electronic monitoring reduce crime for moderate to high-risk offenders?

Electronic monitoring (EM) of offenders has been in use for just over two decades and motives for using it remain diverse. Some agencies that use EM attempt to deliver humane and affordable sanctions while others seek to relieve jail crowding or to avoid the construction of new jails. Nonetheless, all EM programs aim to suppress the criminal behavior of offenders being monitored and its advocates have always hoped EM could be instrumental in reducing long-term recidivism. This review investigates the history of EM and the extent to which EM empirically affects criminal behavior in moderate to high-risk populations. All available recidivism studies that included at least one comparison group between the first impact study in 1986 and 2002 were considered for the review. Although variants such as GPS tracking and continuous testing for alcohol in perspiration have recently emerged, no studies of these technologies were found that met the review’s inclusion criteria. Studies are examined and combined for meta-analysis where appropriate. Given its continued and widespread use and the dearth of reliable information about its effects, the authors conclude that applications of EM as a tool for reducing crime are not supported by existing data. Properly controlled experiments would be required to draw stronger conclusions about the effects of EM.