仿真分析取证模型的形式化研究

计算机犯罪的多样性使得现有的静态取证和动态取证模型均已不能很好的满足计算机取证的要求,亟需建立一种新型态的取证模型。仿真分析取证模型运用“自顶向下”的形式化建模方法,结合虚拟机技术的最新发展成果,通过虚拟犯罪现场重建构建了一种并行的取证平台,为侦查实践和司法实务提供了有力的技术支撑。     

试论警察射击心理素质的培养

警察射击心理素质训练直接关系到警务人员射击技术水平,是提高学员综合素质的重要环节。因此,必须克服目前教学工作中忽视心理素质作用的思想,纠正将警察实战射击心理训练等同于运动射击心理训练的做法,将心理素质训练摆到应有的位置。应在＂练为战＂的思想指导下,通过创设各种模拟实战心理训练情景,培养学生过硬的心理素质,并在不同的教学训练阶段采取相应的心理训练方法,使教学和实践有机相结合,培养高素质的公安大学生射击人才。     

Criminal network vulnerabilities and adaptations

The current paper aimed to investigate the effectiveness of five law enforcement interventions in disrupting and dismantling criminal networks. We tested three law enforcement interventions that targeted social capital in criminal networks (betweenness, degree and cut-set) and two interventions that targeted human capital (actors who possess money and those who possess precursor chemicals). These five interventions are compared with each other and with random (opportunistic) removal of actors in two settings: (i) with network adaptation incorporated into the simulations and (ii) without network adaptation. Results illustrate that the removal of actors based on betweenness centrality was the most efficient strategy, leading to network disruption in the least number of steps and was relatively consistent across replications. Targeting actors who possessed money was the second most effective overall and was also relatively consistent in its disruptive effect.     

A Validation Study of Bullet and Cartridge Case Comparisons Using Samples Representative of Actual Casework

The foundation of firearm and tool mark identification is that no two tools should produce the same microscopic marks on two separate objects that they would be inaccurately or wrongly identified. Studies addressing the validity of identification infrequently employ tests that mirror realistic casework scenarios. This study attempted to do so using a double‐blind process, reducing test‐taking bias. Test kits including bullets and cartridge cases but not the associated firearms were completed by 31 analysts from 22 agencies. Analysis of the results demonstrated an overall error rate of 0.303%, sensitivity of 85.2%, and specificity of 86.8%. Variability in performance across examiners is addressed, and the effect of examiners’ years of experience on identification accuracy is explored. Finally, the article discusses the importance of studies using realistic case work scenarios when validating the field's performance and in providing courts with usable indicators of the accuracy of firearm and tool mark identification.     

Changes of Legal Scenarios in the Era of Artificial Intelligence

The superposition of artificial intelligence (AI) and non-state power has aggravated changes in state functions, and has downgraded centralism of political state. The “Intelligent Leviathan” will persist in objectifying the “individual.” The relationship mode of “human-human” being transformed into the mode of “humantechnology-human, ” is giving rise to a new social structure, while state power together with non-state power, law and the algorithm, as well as ethics and technologies, are creating a new order. The major threat to freedoms and rights is horizontal non-state power, instead of vertical state power. Going through profound changes, legal scenarios need reconstruction of “kindness” dimension for balancing the “rights priority” theory, while the “obligations standard” should be recovered in the sense of legal technology to rectify the “rights standard” and to resolve the “rights disability.”     

The relationship between bedding and face-down death in infancy: mathematical analysis of a respiratory simulation system using an infant mannequin to assess gas diffusibility in bedding

Rebreathing is a model for the relationship between a prone sleeping position and sudden infant death syndrome. This study used a mechanical simulation model to establish the relationship between types of bedding and rebreathing potential for an infant placed prone (face down) at different postnatal ages. The infant mannequin was connected to a respirator set to deliver physiologically appropriate combinations of tidal volume (V(T)) and respiratory rates (RR) across a range of postnatal ages (0-18 months). Before measurements were made, CO(2) flow was regulated to 5+/-0.1% of end-tidal PCO(2) (EtCO(2)). After the model was placed in a prone position, any increase in the fractional concentration of inspired CO(2) (FiCO(2)) was measured. FiCO(2) increased immediately and rapidly, and reached a maximum value within a few minutes. The maximum FiCO(2) ranged from under 2% to over 10%, depending on the bedding. FiCO(2) was also affected by V(T) and RR. This model is not applicable to actual infants because of the large tissue stores of CO(2) in infants; however, it is useful for evaluation of gas diffusibility of bedding and will simplify the investigation of sleeping environments when a baby is found dead with its face covered by soft bedding. In general, the higher the FiCO(2), the greater the rebreathing potential. Theoretically, considering the paucity of body stores of O(2), changes in FiO(2) would be affected not by changes in FiCO(2), but by CO(2) production and gas movement around the infant's face. The rapid decrease of FiO(2) is approximated at the inverse of the FiCO(2) timecourse, suggesting the significance of not only CO(2) accumulation but also O(2) deprivation in the potential space around the baby's face.