情景模拟：卓有成效的体验式培训

情景模拟式培训是通过模拟事件的角色、环境和发生发展的过程,让学员经过亲身体验和感受,研究分析事件各要素之间的关系,把握事件发展的客观规律,掌握有关理论和技能的一种培训方式。搞好情景模拟式培训,关键是要认真设计方案,严格把握操作流程。高素质的教师在情景模拟式培训中起着主导性的作用。     

模拟法庭审判在刑事诉讼法教学中的应用

素质教育的提出,使刑事诉讼法教学的实用性更加突出,模拟法庭也成为连接课堂教学与社会实践的重要平台。但是,由于模拟教学方式自身的局限性和具体操作经验的欠缺,使之反映出诸多亟待解决的问题。应当通过建立系统的实践课程体系,设置专门的模拟审判实训室,聘任具有丰富实践经验的指导教师,完善模拟法庭的组织、实施、考评机制等途径,来真正发挥实践课对理论教学的延伸和补充作用,强化学生的思维训练和直观感受,弥补传统法学教育对学生实际操作能力和技能培养不足的缺陷。     

Validation of a new method of providing case-specific time-of-death estimates using cadaver temperatures

The near ubiquitous presence of numerical simulation has made case-specific calculations of body temperatures following death possible so that accurate calculations of body temperatures can provide valuable information for estimating the time of death and can aid in forensic investigations. Here, a computational approach is described that has been validated against multiple, independent, and experimental investigations. The approach only requires one subjective input parameter (the heat transfer coefficient). A simple algorithm serves as a guidepost to the selection of this parameter. The algorithm incorporates clothing and the space in which the body is housed. Heat transfer coefficients that range from h = 2 W/m²/°C for bodies that are heavily clothed to h = 9 W/m²/°C for bodies that are nude (in air). The method also requires setting of ambient temperature conditions (ambient temperature)—however, that input is often available. The paucity of inputs makes this technique remarkably easy to employ. The new method is also able to calculate cadaver cooling rates for situations where the cadaver is in a timewise or spatially changing thermal environment (diurnal temperature variations, bodies partially submerged in water, changes to weather, insolation, etc.). Results from the present calculations are compared with a large body of measurements from the literature; it was found that the predictions and measurements were in excellent agreement, regardless of the ambient temperature conditions and the nature of the clothing of the body. This new calculation approach can be used with reasonable accuracy for determining cadaver cooling and time since death.     

Repeat burglary victimisation: a tale of two theories

Research consistently demonstrates that crime is spatially concentrated. Considering repeat burglary, studies conducted across a variety of countries and for different periods of time demonstrate that events also cluster in time. Two theories have been proposed to explain patterns of repeat victimisation. The first suggests that repeat victimisation is the consequence of a contagion-like process. If a home has been burgled on one occasion, the risk to the home is boosted, most likely because offenders will return to exploit good opportunities further (e.g. to steal replaced items or those left behind). In contrast, the second suggests that repeat victimisation may be explained by time-stable variation in risk across homes and a chance process. Different offenders independently target attractive locations for which risk is flagged. Understanding the contribution of the two explanations is important for both criminological understanding and crime reduction. Hitherto, research concerned with repeat victimisation has adopted a top-down methodology, analysing either victimisation or offender data. In this paper, results are reported for a simple micro-simulation experiment used to examine patterns of victimisation under conditions where the contributions of both theoretical mechanisms are varied. The findings suggest that increasing the heterogeneity of target attractiveness can generate spatial concentrations of crime not dissimilar to those discussed above, but that a contagion-like process is (also) required to generate the time course of repeat victimisation. The implications of the findings are discussed.

Chinazambia and Boliviafranca: A Simulation of Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy

Despite a longstanding focus on the systemic distribution of power in the study of international relations, scholarship during the past 20 years increasingly emphasizes the role of domestic politics in foreign-policy-decision making. This simulation enables participants to experience negotiating an international issue—a territorial dispute between two fictitious states, Chinazambia and Boliviafranca—in the context of this "two-level game" between domestic and international environments. The simulation furnishes a vantage point from which students can assess realist, liberal, and alternative theoretical perspectives on international relations as they affect policy making. The simulation is flexible and can be executed under a variety course contexts, as well as time and participation constraints. Additionally, the simulation provides ample opportunity for a number of enriching postsimulation activities.     

警务技能战术训练中模拟实战训练之我见

贴近实战的训练已成为新形势下警务技能战术训练的重要理念和训练方法。目前世界各国警察警务战术的教学理论与实践都向模拟实战训练方向发展,在我国,新时期公安机关历史使命的需要以及我们目前警务技能战术训练中脱离实战需要的教学方法和内容,严重地阻碍了警务技能战术教学质量的提高等等因素,决定了警务技能战术训练中必须进行模拟实战训练的策略。具体策略从提高民警实战能力、制定与实战同步的训练、按照各警种的岗位职责进行训练、与本地实际相应的模拟实战训练模式、综合实战演练等五个方面入手。为了使训练策略得以更好地实施,还应从提高教学手段、教师素质、学科研究以及加大资金力度方面进行培养和扶持。     

Stimulating Simulations: Making the European Union a Classroom Reality

This article examines the organization and development of the Mid-Atlantic European Union Simulation Consortium (MEUSC), with special emphasis on linking theory to practice within its simulation program. The MEUSC program, initiated in 1993, brings fifteen colleges and universities to Washington, D.C., each December for an intercollegiate experiential learning exercise on the European Union. During the simulation, students meet with professional diplomats from both the United States and Europe, and they engage in consensus-building activities that mirror the decision-making processes of the EU Commission, Parliament, Council of Ministers, and the European Council. As a result, participants are able to refine and enhance a range of academic and practical skills that are keys for success in today's political and business worlds. The authors of this article make special use of a survey that was undertaken to gauge the impact of the simulation on its participants and, thus, its success as an educational venture.     

公安模拟指挥系统设计研究

模拟指挥系统是一个立足实际、利用信息技术和先进的管理思想,服务于公安院校教学与公安指挥员培训的综合性模拟系统。该系统由公安模拟指挥信息系统、公安模拟指挥实验室和公安模拟指挥案例库组成,通过灵活多样的教学手段,科学合理的设备配置,指导教师和受训者教学互动,在实验室环境下模拟真实状况,快速增加受训者的指挥经验,提高指挥能力,为成为一名优秀的公安指挥员打下良好基础。     

Model verification for population detection of counterfeits

The quality of counterfeit items has increased dramatically, with modern global manufacturing being able to duplicate the materials, construction, and visual features of items. Detection of fraudulent coinage can parallel authentication of food, beverages, and manufactured goods by studying product-inherent features. Counterfeit detection is performed by comparing an Example group with a Questioned group. A model is developed for both groups using standard tests on individual pieces. Coin weight is used here as an illustration. The model should also follow the natural science of the system. In this case, the manufacturing process variation is known and steady, and the underlying distribution is known or can be determined from authentic pieces. The proposed detection method uses testing of many individual pieces, then using reverse-quality-engineering methods to identify possible sources. This strategy looks at the variation between individual pieces to determine the process capability of a machine, assembly line, or plant to create product consistency for a manufacturer. Fraudulent items may be manufactured within specification, but demonstrate a manufacturing process capability different than that of the authentic manufacturer. In this report, we examine the model previously reported and use reconstruction techniques to re-create the evidence set to validate the model, increase model accuracy, and confirm the conclusion previously reached, showing that the Questioned set is likely over 37% non-conforming by weight. In this case, the decision outcome of the analysis was improved by using additional methods not included in the modeling software package originally used.     

情景模拟教学在公安教育中的运用

当前,在公安"大教育、大培训"的宏观格局下,突出强调公安实战应用能力已经不可动摇地成为公安教育、培训的核心内容和终极目标。公安情境模拟教学法对于实现这一核心内容和终极目标无疑具有独特的优势。公安情境模拟教学一般可分为办案情境、案卷演示情境、多媒体展示情境、表演体会情境。相对应有实战型教学情境在公安教学中的应用、实训型教学情境在公安教学中的应用、问题型教学情境在公安教学中的应用、合作学习型教学情境在公安教学中的应用以及练习型教学情境在公安教学中的应用。