Application of Enhanced Point Estimators to a Sample of In Vivo CT‐derived Facial Soft Tissue Thicknesses

Facial approximations based on facial soft tissue depth measurement tables often utilize the arithmetic mean as a central tendency estimator. Stephan et al. (J Forensic Sci 2013;58:1439) suggest that the shorth and 75‐shormax statistics are better suited to describe the central tendency of non‐normal soft tissue depth data, while also accommodating normal distributions. The shorth, 75‐shormax, arithmetic mean, and other central tendency estimators were evaluated using a CT ‐derived facial soft tissue depth dataset. Differences between arithmetic mean and shorth mean for the tissue depths examined ranged from 0 mm to +2.3 mm (average 0.6 mm). Differences between the arithmetic mean plus one standard deviation (to approximate the same data points covered by the 75‐shormax) and 75‐shormax values ranged from ?0.8 mm to +0.7 mm (average 0.2 mm). The results of this research suggest that few practical differences exist across the central tendency point estimators for the evaluated soft tissue depth dataset.     

Forgotten victims: students’ attitudes towards and responses to male sexual victimisation

This paper will examine students’ attitudes and responses to male sexual victimisation in England. In particular, it focuses on their thoughts, beliefs, views, and understandings of male rape. It does this by empirically researching male rape with the use of qualitative questionnaires, from 100 students of a university in West Yorkshire, England. There are some serious concerns that were highlighted by the findings. For example, the myths that “male rape is not a serious issue” and “male rape is solely a homosexual issue” (and more) emerge from the findings. This warrants close attention and analysis, given that students are a part of the community in which male rape often occurs. This paper outlines the implications of the findings. It argues that, in certain contexts, students’ attitudes and discourses about male rape are being shaped and re-shaped; this suggests that their thought patterns are fluid with regard to male rape, shaped by the contexts in which they are situated.     

中国行政执法困境的个案解读

在中国行政执法过程中,政府面临着普遍的“两难困境”,在立法过程中政府立场与民间态度缺乏有诚意的、有效的和充分的沟通,导致政府立场与民间态度的紧张;在执法过程中政府奉行一种“问题化策略”和“运动式执法”,过分迷信强制和制裁的力量而忽视了执法过程中所有参与者制度性的相互学习,故加剧了规则表达和规则实践之间的背反。走出执法困境要求在规则制定过程中,政府立场与民间态度通过制度化机制进行有效的、富有意义的交涉,在执法过程中应采取务实的态度,注重博弈过程中的学习、反思和策略调整。     

民警执法观念变革及其方法论的思考

推进执法观念变革确有必要;在我国的现实法治环境中,“硬着陆”是无法回避的必然选择;但同时又必须对若干负效应加以必要的警惕。通过加强制度法规体系建设,培育整个社会的民主法制氛围,解决基层公安机关的现实困难,执法观念革命的目标则能实现。     

GANG MEMBERSHIP AS A TURNING POINT IN THE LIFE COURSE*

Gang‐involved youth are disproportionately involved in criminal behavior, especially violence. The processes accounting for this enhanced illegal activity, however, remain speculative. Employing a life‐course perspective, we propose that gang membership can be conceptualized as a turning point in the lives of youth and is thus associated with changes in emotions, attitudes, and routine activities, which, in turn, increase illegal activity. Using prospective data from a multisite sample of more than 1,400 youth, the findings suggest that the onset of gang membership is associated with a substantial change in emotions, attitudes, and social controls conducive to delinquency and partially mediate the impact of gang membership on delinquent activity. Desistance from gangs, however, was not associated with similar systematic changes in these constructs, including delinquent involvement.     

当代中国政治制度与文化软实力发展

文化软实力包括制度文化软实力和观念文化软实力两个部分,优越的政治制度本身就是制度文化软实力的体现。当代中国政治制度具有文化软实力特征:对内有凝聚力,对外有一定的吸引力。但是,当代中国政治制度也面临一些困境。只有走出困境,才能更好地展现中国政治制度的文化软实力。     

中国警察文化软实力建设的路径探析——警察法治建设全面发展的新视角

警察软实力建设是警察综合实力的重要方面,也是国家软实力建设的重要一环。警察文化软实力建设应包括警察的文化力、制度力、精神力、影响力、亲和力、形象力等方面的综合建设。提升警察软实力建设的路径主要有：建设先进的警察文化、设立科学的警察制度、树立良好的警察精神、培育警察执法特色、优化警察内部软环境和突出警察的严谨作风等。     

论警察软文化战略

从意识形态方面思考,警察软文化是指警察群体在一定社会文化大背景下,基于警察职业的特殊性质,在长期的警务实践和意识活动中所创造、积累下来的文化心态和观念形态的警察意识形态。文化心态包括警察情感、意志、道德规范、审美价值观、思维方式等警察群体的精神状态和道德面貌;警察意识形态包括警察的价值观念、思想观念、礼仪观念等意识形态。