Allocating responsibility among controllers,processors, and “everything in between”: the definition of actors and roles in Directive 95/46/EC

In Opinion 1/2010, the Article 29 Data Protection Working Party has provided additional guidance concerning the concepts of ‘controller’ and ‘processor’ contained in Directive 95/46/EC. This guidance aims to assist practitioners in their determination of whether an entity is acting as a controller or as a processor towards a particular data processing operation. Despite the fact that this opinion is informative, the existing framework still appears to leave room for a considerable amount of legal uncertainty. This uncertainty is attributable in part to the nature of the existing concepts, but also (and perhaps to a larger extent) to their apparent misalignment with current processing realities. In this paper, the author seeks to articulate why the existing concepts often remain difficult to apply in practice, in order to enable a constructive reflection on how these issues might be addressed in the future.     

THE ECOLOGY OF GANG TERRITORIAL BOUNDARIES*

Within any type of system, the actors in the system inevitably compete over resources. With competition comes the possibility of conflict. To minimize such effects, actors often will partition the system into geographic territories. It is against the larger ecological backdrop of competition and conflict that we examine territory formation among urban street gangs. Although previous studies have examined the social and built environment where gangs form, and how the presence of a gang influences local levels of violence, we know little about how competitive interactions are tied to the formation and maintenance of gang territories. We use formal spatial Lotka–Volterra competition models to derive hypotheses about competition‐driven territory formation. By using data on 563 between‐gang shootings, involving 13 rival street gangs in the Hollenbeck Policing Division of Los Angeles, we show that violence strongly clusters along the boundaries between gangs in a way that is quantitatively predicted by the theory. The results suggest that even weak competitive interactions between gangs are sufficient to drive gang territory formation without recourse to other processes or assumptions.     

GC/MS/MS时间编程在火灾现场助燃剂检测中的应用

运用Varian SATURN2000气质联用仪通过GC/MS、GC/MS/MS、时间编程 GC/MS/MS对汽油样品进行分析比对,发现利用时间编程GC/MS/MS,对检测火灾现场残留汽油效果很好,可彻底排除样品中基体的背景干扰,大大提高检测灵敏度;同时对混合助燃剂（汽油+煤油、汽油+柴油）进行了实验探索。     

体液中氟乙酰胺SPE-GC/MS检测

目的　利用GC/MS与固相萃取 (SPE)技术相结合 ,开发血和尿样中氟乙酰胺鼠药的GC/MS定量分析新方法 ,并用于实际案例检测。方法　选择乙酰胺为内标 ,通过比较不同固相柱的萃取效率和不同条件对回收率的影响 ,优化用于血和尿样中氟乙酰胺萃取的固相柱和提取条件 ,利用氟乙酰胺与乙酰胺质谱图的分子离子峰面积之比与氟乙酰胺浓度的定量关系 ,建立血和尿样中氟乙酰胺鼠药的GC/MS定量分析新方法。结果　用硅胶柱萃取 ,峰面积之比与氟乙酰胺浓度在 5 0～ 90 μg/ml范围呈线性关系 ,检测限为 1 0 μg/ml。血样中氟乙酰胺检测的平均回收率达 91 6% ,标准偏差小于 7 3 %。结论　此法对实际样品的测定证明可满足氟乙酰胺鼠药中毒的定性定量要求。     

氯氮平的GC／MS／MS检验

目的建立苯二氮卓类药物氯氮平的串联质谱检验方法,以排除干扰物质,提高灵敏度。方法用串联质谱方法分析。结果以基峰m/z243为母离子,碰撞诱导电压(CID)为0.8v,进行MS/MS分析。结论与GC/MS相比,GC/MS/MS方法选择性好、灵敏度最高,排除干扰性能强。     

英语第三人称复数代词指代归属的逻辑判析

英语第三人称复数代词的指代归属常令中国读者倍感困惑。本文从涉及这一困惑的照应关系和语言环境两个方面，对此归属的取向给以合乎思维规律的判断与分析。     

汽油中的毒品还原分析

目的建立汽油中海洛因的检验方法及还原方法。方法利用无水乙醇挥发汽油混合物中的汽油,通过TLC、IR、GC、GC/MS对汽油混合物中溶剂和毒品成份进行了定性定量分析。结果利用该方法对涉案检材成功进行了毒品还原及检验分析。结论该方法适合于此类案件检验。     

信用证支付中基础合同的独立性探析

在信用证作为普遍支付方式的国际贸易过程中,基础合同是否独立于信用证一直是理论界和司法界颇具争议的问题.文章从理论基础和司法实践两方面对基础合同的独立性问题进行探讨,认为基础合同不能完全独立于信用证而存在,信用证的修改将对基础合同产生影响.在论证基础合同不完全独立于信用证的同时,分析了在信用证修改的情况下,基础合同的一方当事人还能不能以原合同中的权利救济条款向另一方主张权利的问题,并提出了处理具体案件所应遵循的规则.     

气质联用SIM技术在毒物检测中的应用

目的　介绍气质联用SIM技术在毒物检测中的应用方法。方法　通过两个案例对质谱的两种扫描方法fullscan(全扫描 )和SIM (选择离子检验 )进行了比较。结果　SIM技术检验灵敏度远远高于Full Scan技术。结论　SIM技术是最理想的微量毒物检测技术之一。     

论我国信用证欺诈立法的缺陷与完善

我国有关信用证欺诈的立法在实体上存在着很大的模糊性和不确定性,在程序方面过于零散、不严密,这给司法实践带来了诸多不便。为了促进我国对外贸易的发展,有必要细化《刑法》关于信用证诈骗罪的规定,完善《民事诉讼法》关于诉讼保全的规定,制定系统的信用证欺诈法,并吸收国外一些成熟的立法和司法经验。