信用证诈骗罪的主要客体初探——以2007年民事诉讼法修正案为对象

信用证诈骗罪的客体是复杂客体,对此我国刑法学界并无异议,但是对于该罪的主要客体则有不同观点。一种认为主要客体是信用证管理制度,理由是金融秩序是整个经济秩序的核心。另一种观点对信用证管理制度说提出批评,并认为主要客体应该是公私财产所有权。刑法理论中的主要客体认定标准是立法者保护的社会关系的侧重点。公私财产所有权说对信用证管理制度说的批评不能成立,其对自身观点的论证也缺乏说服力。因此,信用证管理制度说应当获得肯定。     

INTERGROUP AND INTRAGROUP VIOLENCE: IS VIOLENT CRIME AN EXPRESSION OF GROUP CONFLICT OR SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION?*

The impact of residential turnover and compositional change at the neighborhood level on local patterns of crime lies at the center of most ecological studies of crime and violence. Of particular interest is how racial and ethnic change impacts intragroup and intergroup crime. Although many studies have examined this effect using city‐level data, few have evaluated it using neighborhood‐level data. Using incident‐level data for the South Bureau Policing Area of the Los Angeles Police Department aggregated to census tracts, we use a novel methodology to construct intragroup and intergroup rates of robbery and assaults. The South Bureau has experienced dramatic demographic change as it has transitioned from a predominately African‐American area to a predominately Latino area. We find support for the social disorganization model, as racial/ethnic transition in nearby tracts leads to greater levels of intergroup violence by both groups as well as to more intragroup violence by Latinos. Such neighborhoods seem to experience a breakdown in norms, which leads to higher levels of violence in all forms. Particularly noteworthy is that intragroup crime is highest in all settings, which includes the most heterogeneous tracts. We also find support for the consolidated inequality theory, as greater inequality across the two groups leads to more violence by the disadvantaged group.     

Der Billigkeitsbegriff im nachehelichen Unterhaltsrecht

Im ?sterreichischen Ehegesetz stellt der Gesetzgeber zur Regelung des nachehelichen Unterhalts in den §§ 67 ff EheG auf den Begriff der Billigkeit ab, um bestm?gliche Einzelfallgerechtigkeit zu gew?hrleisten. Die inhaltliche Ausgestaltung dieses unbestimmten Gesetzesbegriffes ist aber durchaus unterschiedlich. Der vorliegende Beitrag versucht in einer vergleichenden Gegenüberstellung unter Berücksichtigung des Schrifttums und der Judikatur die unterschiedlichen Bedeutungen des Billigkeitsbegriffs im nachehelichen Unterhaltsrecht aufzuzeigen.     

Keine Amtshaftung wegen Verletzung des CCPR BGBl 1978/591

Der Internationale Pakt über bürgerliche und politische Rechte BGBl 1978/591 ist durch Erlassung von Gesetzen zu erfüllen. Er begründet keinesfalls subjective Rechte und Verpflichtungen von Privatpersonen. Auch den "views" des Menschenrechtsausschusses der Vereinten Nationen, mit denen eine Verletzung des Paktes festgestellt wird, kommt keine innerstaatliche Verbindlichkeit zu.     

The application of amino acid racemization in the acid soluble fraction of enamel to the estimation of the age of human teeth

The main objectives of the European project "Collaborative Harmonization of Methods for Profiling of Amphetamine Type Stimulants" (CHAMP) funded by the sixth framework programme of the European Commission, included the harmonization of MDMA profiling methods and the creation of a common database in a drug intelligence perspective. In the preliminary stages of this project, the participating laboratories analysed the physical characteristics, the chemical composition and the organic impurities of MDMA tablets, using the previously harmonized methods. The aim of the present work was to apply statistical treatments to the recorded data in order to evaluate their potential in the fight against drug trafficking. Comparable working procedures were applied on the different types of data. The first part of this article deals with organic impurities data, while the second part focuses on the potential of the physical characteristics. Organic impurities data were recorded by a harmonized Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) method previously developed. Statistical analysis provided a selection of pertinent variables among the 46 organic impurities identified in the chromatograms. Correlation coefficients were used to yield separation between populations of samples coming from the same synthesis batch and samples coming from different batches. It was shown that correlation measurements based on Pearson and cosine functions applied to the data pre-treated by normalisation to the sum of peak responses followed by the square root provided an excellent discrimination between the two populations. The statistical methods applied to organic impurities profiles proved to be excellent techniques to differentiate samples from different batches and to highlight operational links between samples.     

Analytical survey of restorative resins by SEM/EDS and XRF: databases for forensic purposes

Frequently in forensic cases, unknown substances must be identified. Automated databases can ease the burden of comparison as materials may be compared against many known standards in a relatively short period of time. It has been shown that dental resins can be named according to brand or brand group even in conditions as harsh as cremation. Databases are already in use for many materials, but no such database exists for dental resins. Thus, two databases were generated. One utilized a laboratory-based method, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), in conjunction with the Spectral Library Identification and Classification Explorer (SLICE) software. The other was based on portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The ability to perform database comparison with portable instrumentation can thus be brought directly to the field. Both the SLICE and XRF databases were evaluated by testing unknown resins. EDS is a well-established technique and the SLICE program was demonstrated to be a good tool for unknown resin identification. Portable XRF is a relatively new instrument in this regard and its databases have been constructed mostly for metal alloy comparison and environmental soil testing. However, by creation of a custom spectral library, it was possible to distinguish resin brand and bone and tooth from other substances.     

European national news

The regular article tracking developments at the national level in key European countries in the area of IT and communications – co-ordinated by Herbert Smith LLP and contributed to by firms across Europe. This column provides a concise alerting service of important national developments in key European countries. Part of its purpose is to compliment the Journal's feature articles and Briefing Notes by keeping readers abreast of what is currently happening “on the ground” at a national level in implementing EU level legislation and international conventions and treaties. Where an item of European National News is of particular significance, CLSR may also cover it in more detail in the current or a subsequent edition.     

LC-MS／MS法测定人血浆中盐酸洛哌丁胺

目的建立人血浆中盐酸洛哌丁胺的液相色谱-质谱联用测定法（LC-MS／MS）。方法血浆样品中盐酸洛哌丁胺与盐酸小檗碱（内标）经甲醇液．液提取后,采用ZORBAXSB—C18色谱柱（2．1mm×150mm×5μm）,柱温35℃,流动相为乙腈：0．1％甲酸（60：40,V／V）,流速为0．4mL／min,进样量10μL。电喷雾离子源（ESI）,正离子检测,以多反应监测（MRM）方式进行定量分析,用于监测的离子为m／z477→266（盐酸洛哌丁胺）和m／z366→292（内标）。结果盐酸洛哌丁胺的检测下限为0．2ng／mL（S／N=3）,在浓度0．5～500ng／mL范围内线性良好（r=0．9982）,低、中、高浓度（1ng／mL、20ng／mL、400ng／mL）的平均回收率分别为84．6％,88．5％和90．2％,日内与日问RSD分别小于6％与7％。结论LC—MS／MS法可用于盐酸洛哌丁胺的定性定量分析。     

氯胺酮在急性中毒大鼠体内的死后再分布研究

目的探索氯胺酮在大鼠体内的死后再分布变化规律及温度对再分布的影响。方法48只雄性SD大鼠随机分为2个实验组（室温组24只、冷藏组18只）和1个对照组（6只）,实验组大鼠以氯胺酮290mg／kg灌胃,45min后缺氧处死,分别置于室温（24℃）和冷藏（4℃）条件下,于死后不同时间（0、12、24、48h）取心血、外周血、肝、肺、肾、心肌、大脑,检测其中氯胺酮含量;对照组大鼠以生理盐水灌胃,各对应组织器官样品为空白对照。血和组织样品中加入内标物SKF。。后碱化,乙酸乙酯萃取,GC／MS全扫描定性,内标法、工作曲线法气相色谱定量分析。结果室温条件下,大鼠死后48h内随着死亡时间延长,心血、肺、肝中氯胺酮的浓度呈升高趋势（P〈0．05）,肾脏中氯胺酮的浓度先升高后下降（P〈0．05）,外周血、心肌和脑中氯胺酮的浓度无显著性变化（P〉0．05）。冷藏条件下,血液及组织中氯胺酮浓度变化无显著性差异（P〉0．05）,除心肌外,各样本浓度均低于相应时段室温条件保存的样本。结论氯胺酮在大鼠体内存在死后再分布现象。温度对大鼠死后血液及组织中氯胺酮浓度变化有较明显的影响。     

生物检材中阿维菌素的HPLC—MS／MS分析

目的建立生物检材包括血、肝组织、胃组织中阿维菌素（Avermectins）的HPLC—MS／MS分析方法。方法采用Oasis HLB固相萃取柱进行提取,以XTerra^TM RP18柱（2．1mm×100mm,3．5μm）色谱柱分离,以甲醇-0．1％冰醋酸水溶液（75：25）为流动相,流速为0．2mL／min。结果线性范围10ng／mL～3μg／mL,最小检出限为0．1ng／mL。结论本方法准确、快速,可用于生物检材血中阿维菌素的定性定量分析,肝及胃组织中阿维菌素的定性分析。