‘Greatpowerness’ as the key element of Russian self-consciousness under erosion

The article analyzes changes in attitudes to and interpretations of Russian ‘greatpowerness’ (velikoderzhavnost') between the years of 2000 and 2014, that is to say during President Putin's period of rule. The concept of Russia as the great power was changing during this time in two respects: first, there was an increasing reticence of self-assessments; second, we observe prioritization of protecting the country's own, mostly regional, interests as opposed to expansion which would be characteristic of a great power. Moreover, this period clearly demonstrates contradictions and dangers, engendered in the process of losing self-perception as that of the great power. The readiness of Russian political elite to part bit by bit with the status of the great power and to go to the status of a regional power is combined (as the events around Ukraine have shown) with unwillingness to sustain the new status of the country with the help of the capabilities of a soft power. Lack of these, as well as of the skills in their use, and finally, a desire to raise the rating of trust in the government with the help of “a small victorious war” have formed the basis for the aggressive upsurge towards Ukraine. In the absence of serious hard and soft capabilities, the splashes of aggressiveness in Russian foreign policy and of anti-Western sentiments in domestic political life are unlikely to have any lasting effect. They are able, however, to generate extremely negative long-term consequences for the country.     

Sanctions under the EU Generalised System of Preferences and foreign policy: coherence by accident?

This article investigates the relationship between the European Union's withdrawal of trade benefits for developing countries under the Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) and its sanctions under the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). Our expectation is that GSP withdrawals and CFSP sanctions will not cohere. However, our research reveals that GSP suspension has been coherent with CFSP sanctions when the latter exist prior to the decision-making process on GSP sanctions and when the International Labour Organisation has set up a Commission of Inquiry condemning the country, as with Myanmar/Burma and Belarus. The presence of separate institutional frameworks explains the GSP suspension towards Sri Lanka in the absence of CFSP sanctions.     

Health and human security: a wrinkle in time or a new paradigm?

Since it was first advanced in the 1994 Human development report of the United Nations Development Programme [United Nations Development Project. (1994). Human development report. New York: UN], the concept of ‘human security’ has evolved as a holistic development-oriented acuity [Nef, J. (1999). Human security and mutual vulnerability: The global political economy of development and underdevelopment (2nd ed.). Ottawa: International Development Research Centre]. The human security concept reinforces the right to health, drawing on both the role of states and the global community's commitment to human rights. Yet, health and human security, long the purview of state power and responsibility, increasingly include alliances of state and non-state actors. This paper proceeds in three parts. The first looks at health and human security linkages, charting the trajectory of the health and human security relationship. The second deals with policy and operational implications. It explores the health–human security link, paying particular attention to the allocation of responsibility and accountability, including through private–public partnerships and rising powers such as China. The third provides a theoretical and technical analysis of the status of health and human security since 1994, taking into account its evolution vis-à-vis human rights’ development and development more broadly, also asking whether it represents but a wrinkle in time or a new sustainable development paradigm.     

Governmental Accounting Maturity Toward IPSASs and the Approximation to National Accounts in the European Union

International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSASs) are a good reference for a harmonized microaccounting system allowing more transparency and quality in public sector accounting across EU member-States. However, questions remain concerning IPSASs contribution to the convergence between Governmental Accounting (GA) and the National Accounts (NA). This article assess how the proximity to an IPSAS-based accounting system in GA has impact on the diversity and materiality of GA-NA budgetary deficit/surplus adjustments, hence analyzing whether IPSASs might contribute to GA-NA reconciliation. Main findings show that IPSASs do not make considerable difference in terms of GA-NA adjustments, so IPSASs-based EPSASs will hardly contribute to approaching GA-NA.     

Humanitarianism in intra-state conflict: aid inequality and local governance in government- and opposition-controlled areas in the Syrian war

This article argues that humanitarian aid in intra-state conflict plays a crucial but largely unrecognised role in shaping the preconditions for negotiations for peace and post-conflict reconstruction. Drawing on a spatial theory approach, it identifies the role of humanitarian aid as not being temporary and independent, but as forming an integral part of the daily lives of local communities and of continuously evolving structures of governance during conflict. As a result, significant imbalances in the distribution of aid between different geographical areas, as highlighted in the current Syrian war, threaten not only the immediate survival of civilians, but also their future.     

The Partition's long shadow: the ambiguities of citizenship in Assam,India

Citizenship practices in the Indian state of Assam have a serious fault line. The government appears uninterested in policing borders and enforcing the citizen/alien distinction. This has drawn the ire of even the Indian Supreme Court. Certain ambiguities about citizenship in post-Partition India explain these practices. Pragmatic politicians have adapted to the reality of a post-Partition space that does not conform to the idealized notion of a bounded national territory with a clearly defined community of citizens. However, the tensions between ‘the national order of things’ and the reality of a non-national space have consequences: they adversely affect governmental legitimacy. Policies premised on the fiction of hard national borders that are fundamentally at odds with ground realities cannot provide the foundation for a stable legitimate political order.     

抵当汤对糖尿病大鼠心肌组织JAK2/STAT3信号通路的影响

目的 探讨抵当汤及其拆方对糖尿病大鼠肥大心肌细胞JAK2/STAT3信号通路的影响。〖JP〗方法 单次注射链脲佐菌素复制糖尿病大鼠模型,将糖尿病大鼠随机分为模型组、抵当汤组、桃仁大黄组、水蛭虻虫组和缬沙坦组,以正常雄性SD大鼠作为正常对照组。正常对照组和模型组给予蒸馏水灌胃,其余各组大鼠接受相应药物灌胃,连续8周。采用Western blot法检测心钠素（atrial natriuretic peptide,ANP）、心肌组织JAK2和STAT3蛋白表达,采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测JAK2、STAT3 mRNA表达。结果 与正常对照组比较,模型组ANP、JAK2、STAT3蛋白以及JAK2、STAT3 mRNA表达水平均显著上调（P<0.05）。水蛭虻虫拆方和桃仁大黄拆方对糖尿病大鼠心肌组织ANP、JAK2和STAT3蛋白表达的主效应均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）,两者的交互作用均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。水蛭虻虫拆方和桃仁大黄拆方对糖尿病大鼠心肌组织JAK2、STAT3 mRNA表达的交互作用具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。缬沙坦组、抵当汤组及两个抵当汤拆方组ANP、JAK2蛋白及JAK2 mRNA表达水平比较,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 抵当汤延缓糖尿病大鼠心肌细胞肥大的机制与抑制JAK2/STAT3信号通路有关,其拆方对JAK2、STAT3 mRNA表达的效应存在相互影响。     

H3亚型猪流感病毒血凝素基因在昆虫细胞中的表达及其间接ELISA检测方法的建立

根据GenBank上登录的H3亚型猪流感病毒HA基因序列设计了1对引物,经PCR扩增出HA基因目的片段,并将其克隆到pFastBacGP67C杆状病毒载体上,筛选阳性重组转座载体pFastBacGP67C-H3,转化至含有杆状病毒穿梭载体(bacmid)的DH10Bac感受态细胞,构建杆状病毒表达载体,获得重组转座子rBacmid-H3,在脂质体介导下转染处于对数生长期的sf9昆虫细胞,获得重组杆状病毒rBv-H3,将其感染sf9昆虫细胞,收获目的蛋白。经血凝试验、SDS-PAGE、Western-blot、免疫组织化学分析,结果表明,HA蛋白得到表达,且具有良好的免疫学活性。用表达的HA蛋白作为包被抗原,初步建立了H3亚型猪流感病毒的间接ELISA检测方法,通过对93份送检的疑似猪流感血清进行检测,结果显示,检出阳性率为46.24%。上述结果为建立快速、准确、简便的H3亚型猪流感鉴别诊断试剂盒奠定了基础。     

桃红四物汤对产后血瘀证大鼠Rho/ROCK通路RhoA、p-RhoA及PAI-1蛋白表达的影响

目的 探讨桃红四物汤治疗产后血瘀证的作用机制。方法 采用米非司酮（8.3 mg/kg）和米索前列醇（0.1 mg/kg）灌胃早孕鼠,复制血瘀证产后大鼠模型,将模型复制成功的大鼠随机分为模型组、阳性对照组（法舒地尔,10 mg/kg）及桃红四物汤组（9.0 g/kg）,并设立正常对照组;通过观察大鼠子宫形态及血液流变学指标变化评价桃红四物汤治疗产后血瘀证的疗效,采用免疫印迹法测定ras同源基因A（ras homolog gene, member A, RhoA）、磷酸化RhoA（phospho-RhoA,p-RhoA）蛋白及纤溶酶原激活剂抑制物（plasminogen activator inhibitor-1,PAI-1）的表达水平。结果 桃红四物汤能够明显减轻模型大鼠子宫的炎性反应及红细胞的渗出和聚集,降低全血黏度和血浆黏度（P<0.05,或P<0.01）,下调p-RhoA及PAI-1蛋白的表达水平（P＜0.01）。结论 桃红四物汤治疗产后血瘀证的机制与下调Rho/ROCK通路相关蛋白的表达水平有关。     

电针大脑中动脉闭塞模型大鼠血清减轻体外新生乳鼠神经细胞的缺糖低氧损伤的作用研究

目的 观察"电针血清"对新生乳鼠皮质神经细胞糖氧剥夺/复氧(oxygen-glucose depriva-tion and reoxygenation,OGD/R)损伤的作用.方法 将成年SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、电针组,采用电凝法复制大脑中动脉闭塞模型;7d后对各组大鼠进行腹主动脉取血,离心,抽取上清,分离新生...