Legal enclaves as a test environment for innovative products: Toward legally resilient experimentation policies1

Many countries adhere to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development creed that innovation is good for the economy. Experiments are often used to intentionally create space for innovation. Decisions allowing experiments result in temporary legal enclaves for a few, excluding many others. Therefore, they come with risks. The aim of this article is to provide a set of guidelines that help improve the legal resilience of experimentation policies, so they are better able to withstand legal attacks when they occur. To do so, we first arranged the existing diversity of legal experiments in a theoretical model. Special attention was paid to two archetypes of legal experiments: statutory experiments and regulatory sandboxes. Second, we analyzed the impact of both types of experiments on four core legal principles: legality, certainty, equality, and public accountability. From this assessment, we eventually formulated a set of guidelines to secure or improve legal resilience.     

人身危险性理论评析

人身危险性源于犯罪学对犯罪原因的研究 ,后进入刑法学领域 ,在刑法学领域对人身危险性涵义的理解应该立足于定罪量刑。同时在评价人身危险性时 ,也要与行为的社会危害性评价相区别 ,既要避免把人身危险性归于社会危害性 ,又要避免重复评价。     

中国近代判例制度及其特征

中国近代判例在文本体裁、汇编体例与适用方法上,较之于英美式判例和大陆式判例存在着很大的差别。它完全依附于成文法,并有着明显的成文化倾向。这一特点是对明清条例制度的继承和回归。这一判例制度可以作为建立当代中国判例制度的参考。     

Local governments and their arm’s length bodies

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we discuss the state of the art on the creation of arm’s length bodies (ALBs) by local governments. We make three main contributions. First, there are many different types of ALBs and each country has its own categories; an expert survey was held identifying three common types of body, to enable future comparative research. Second, we point out that the creation of ALBs has led to a number of new challenges for local governments, particularly regarding governing bodies at arm’s length to ensure ALBs’ good performance. A lack of capacity and information have to be countered, for example, by increased monitoring – also for democratic accountability purposes. Special attention is needed for the multiple principal problem that arises when local governments jointly create ALBs. Third, research into local ALBs is still in its early stages. We present a research agenda to develop knowledge on the topic.     

论金融诈骗罪的事实认识错误

在讨论金融诈骗罪的构成要件时,刑法理论不自觉地将认识错误纳入到客观要素中展开讨论,因而形成争论不休的局面。关于事实认识错误的处理,应当主张抽象的法定符合说。在金融诈骗罪中,对同一犯罪的并列的构成要件要素的认识错误,以及对同一犯罪的不同行为类型的认识错误,不影响犯罪既遂的成立;对不同犯罪构成之间的认识错误,应在重合的限度内,认定为轻罪的既遂犯。     

Paradise Lost...: The Meaning of Modernity and the Antinomy of the Law

This essay argues for the centrality of the study of paradoxes of particularity and universality in the interface between law and politics in modernity. Particularly, in order to understand the process of constitution of a political collective and the role of supernumerary elements that re-enter a constituted legal-political system. After introducing the question of paradoxes or antinomies in the relation between law and politics in modernity, the essay engages with current understandings of exceptionalism and the possibility of a leftist or ‘real’ suspension of the law. In order to do so, this essay makes full use of certain theoretical tools developed in anthropological accounts of political and legal processes, and current French-oriented and Latin American political philosophy.     

基层党组织标准化建设:逻辑理路、原则导向与实践方案

基层党组织作为党的组织末端,其标准化的实现程度与功能发挥,直接关系到党执政能力的强弱,影响着党在基层社会的权威与地位。基层党组织标准化建设,既是党的建设历史发展的必然选择,也是党的建设理论创新的内在要求,更是党的建设实践探索的客观需要,是历史逻辑、理论逻辑与实践逻辑三者的有机统一。基层党组织标准化建设应坚持以科学统筹与分类指导相结合、客观规范与可行实用相结合、典型引路与制度创新相结合、自我提升与考核监督相结合的原则导向。基层党组织标准化建设要紧紧围绕党的组织体系、领导班子、教育管理、组织生活、工作载体、基本保障的实践方案展开,从而以党的建设引领基层治理体系的完善和治理能力的提升,为新时代中国特色社会主义事业提供坚强的政治保证和组织保障。     

逻辑原点、基本原则与功能期待:完善监察监督机制的应然面向

监察监督作为反映监察委员会基本职能的内在要求,从规范的运行层面回应了集中统一反腐的政治逻辑。作为监督的实现方式之一,其广义监督的范畴涵盖了监察委员会业已整合的监督、调查与处置职能,性质上有别于党内执纪监督、人大权力监督及检察机关法律监督。在监察委员会广义监督职能的实现过程中,应从监督权配置的政治逻辑原点出发,严格保障监察监督各项功能实现的特定方式;应遵从监督法定、正当与公开的基本原则,防止“以调查为中心”的办案模式僭越监察权应有之边界;应从政治、社会、法治与人文功能期待上畅通监察监督权利救济渠道,以确保处于法治化轨道中的监察监督机制之形成契合国家监察体制改革的总体方向。     

Straining without training? Capacity-related problems facing African election executives and officials

This article argues that the empowerment of election officials and executives is usually overlooked, understated or simply ignored; yet elections cannot be conducted without plans in place to improve their efficiency and effectiveness; especially through training. As one of the foremost mechanisms for improving elections, training is crucial to organisational performance enhancement. However, training for election officials and executives is fairly new in many African countries. Generally incorporated in generic university or vocational institute courses globally, training is usually offered as a special tailor-made module for polling officials in western countries. Even then, it rarely covers the severe conditions election officials regularly face, especially in Africa. This article examines these issues based on a review of the extant literature, conceptual and theoretical reflection on election management, and practical interaction with some election authorities who participated as trainees in the Unisa Management of Democratic Elections in Africa (MDEA) course (2012–2014). The article concludes that the training of election officials and executives poses challenges for Africa; partly because some election management bodies (EMBs) prefer to “strain” rather than effectively train their members to ensure sustainable performance, and partly because others prefer short-term irrelevant training that undermines their organisational goals. These hurdles need to be overcome if Africa is to address its election-related challenges.     

《民法典》法定解除权的配置机理与统一基础

《民法典》中的法定解除权基于不同法定事由产生，但在法教义学上有统一的基础。一是它们均导致基于不同角度判断的“合同目的不能实现”；二是法定解除权使当事人摆脱合同义务，重获行动自由，且通常产生新的债权债务关系。《民法典》合同编通则中的法定解除权规范蕴含了效率、公平、诚实信用等不同理念，分则中的解除权规范多为通则规范的具体化，但也包含对当事人之间的人合性、法益权衡等的考量。法定解除权的终极正当性依据需要从当事人的合意中寻求，法定解除权与契约自由并非扞格不入，但前提是立法者对当事人美德的想象。与《合同法》相比，《民法典》强化了合同解除在终结合同僵局、建构当事人新法律关系方面的功能。但解释论还需澄清法定解除权的一般要件、不安抗辩权与预期违约中解除权的衔接、固定期限继续性合同履行中的僵局等问题。