试论农村习惯法与国家制定法的关系

处理好农村习惯法与国家制定法的关系,对于推进社会主义新农村建设具有积极意义。农村习惯法与国家制定法之间,既有法的目的等方面的一致性,也在法的规范、法的实施、法的价值等方面存在矛盾和冲突,习惯法对国家制定法在调整范围、功能方面还有一定的补充作用。     

企业形态法定主义研究

企业形态法定不应被理解为立法设定的企业形态标准应当是严格而封闭的。法定企业形态来源于对现实生活中各种不同企业形态的抽象概括。企业形态法定为法律对现实中不同形态企业的规范提供了一个关于企业形态的典型标准。这一标准应当具有开放性,以适应现实中众多不同形态企业的良性发展需求和众多不同投资者合理的现实需要,从而鼓励投资。同时,立法应重视建构企业类型,以弥补作为概念的企业典型因具有抽象概括的性质而存在的不足。当现实中的某种企业形态有单独立法需要时,应该及时立法以创造新的法定企业形态。目前,我国以责任和组织化程度为标准划分的独资、合伙和公司三种企业形态立法过于概念化和封闭化,而适应不同合作社形态的合作社法律体系迟迟没有建立,这些问题均亟待解决。     

不动产登记范围的探讨

登记是不动产物权分示的法律基础，界定依法登记的权利范围才能形成完整的分示体系。我国法律对该问题欠缺系统的规定，同时对应登记的权利还存在错误的定位。本文认为，立法应明确只有不动产物权才是法定的登记权利；确定登记权利的方式应选择法定主义与开放主义相结合的原则；应建立预登记制度。     

关于提高女性劳动者退休年龄的探讨

关于提高中国退休年龄问题,近来引发了社会各界的广泛关注。文章深入分析了广泛关注的几个因素:平均余命变化,世界的退休年龄变化趋势以及对于劳动力市场的影响,并进一步分析了当前制度规定下女性退休年龄偏低产生的低收益及退而不休现象及其影响。在此基础上,文章建议:中国应当提高女性退休年龄;结合劳动力人口变化趋势,采用小步渐进的方式进行调整。好处在于:在一定程度上解决女性退休后低收益问题,因而可以缓解退而不休现象;在一定程度上优化劳动力市场供给。     

互联网法院的程序法困境及出路

互联网法院借助互联网技术审理特定类型的涉互联网案件,以全流程在线办理为原则,改变了诉讼行为发生的时空条件.互联网法院在现阶段面临的程序法困境主要包括设立依据有违法定法官原则、管辖范围的界定不够妥当、在线庭审的规则创新冲击民事司法之基本原则、诉讼规则忽视对当事人处分权和平等权的保障等方面.从立法上明确互联网法院的试点法院...     

Trust in elections and the institutional design of electoral authorities: Evidence from Latin America

It is often assumed that the institutional organization of electoral management bodies (EMB) has an impact on the credibility of elections, but this proposition has been difficult to verify empirically. I examine whether the degree of autonomy from the political process of EMB administrators affects attitudes towards elections among citizens and legislators by analyzing mass and elite surveys across Latin America. I conclude that levels of confidence in the electoral process among political elites are higher in countries with politically autonomous EMBs, but this effect is muted in the analysis of citizen attitudes. This association holds after controlling for individual-level determinants of trust in elections and for other relevant country-level predictors in multilevel statistical models.     

知识产权法定赔偿及其适用

现行的《著作权法》、《商标法》以及《最高人民法院关于审理专利纠纷案件适用法律问题的若干规定》等对法定赔偿(又称定额赔偿)做了明确规定,但法定赔偿在具体适用时仍存在着一些问题尚待解决。本文以上述法律规定以及TRIPS协议的相关规定为依据,结合实践,就法定赔偿的适用前提、法定赔偿的力度、与法定赔偿相关的全面赔偿规定,以及法定赔偿金的酌定因素等问题提出了自己的看法。     

避税与反避税立法思考

在税法领域,征税与避税两者永远相互对立、难以调和,但又无法避免、客观存在。如何通过立法等手段,规制避税行为的发生,维护国家税收利益、保障纳税人之间的公平性,是一个重要的研究课题。文章通过对避税行为性质的界定以及税收法定主义原则的分析,探讨二者之间的关系,以期对我国的反避税立法提出一点借鉴。     

Non‐Departmental Public Bodies Under the Howard Governments1

There has been both continuity and change in the use of non‐departmental public bodies (NDPBs) during the Howard years. In terms of continuity, the statutory authority and its incorporated version, the statutory corporation (in whose development late 19th and early 20th century Australian governments played such an important part), have remained in wide use. In terms of change, however, two other NDPB forms offered some challenge to its popularity. The government‐owned company came to be a preferred form for government business enterprises (GBEs) and, more recently, for many other non‐commercial public activities as well. And the executive agency, first making its Australian appearance in 1999, seemed initially to be another significant challenger, but its numbers, never great, were soon cut back. The article examines these trends, relating them to several relevant systemic inquiries and policy changes, notably the Humphry review of the governance of GBEs, the final settlement (in 1997) of the package of financial management acts, the Uhrig inquiry of 2003 and the system‐challenging pressures that have followed it. Commonwealth participation in joint (Commonwealth/subnational and Commonwealth/private) activities is also noted, as is the lack of ‘fit’ of the Australian experience with international theorising about ‘agencification’. Finally, the article seeks to identify the leading figures within the Howard governments who have been directing both the changes and the continuities involved in these developments.     

Ocular findings in pediatric deaths under 2 years of age (1994-2004)

Abstract:  Our purpose is to highlight novel ocular findings of 102 forensic pediatric cases under 2 years of age who die suddenly. Forensic information, grossing, and microscopic eye protocol was followed. The most common diagnosis was Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) (57/102). Novel cytoid bodies were present in the retina of 72/102 cases and they were located predominantly 90% (65/72) at the anterior part of the retina ( p  < 0.001). Of the SIDS cases, 85% (47/57) showed the presence of cytoid bodies, and among all diagnosis, SIDS was the most associated with cytoid bodies ( p  = 0.003). A second observation was extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) identified in 35/102 cases and 22 of the 57 SIDS cases. The most frequent EMH location was the choroids (29/35). This study is the first to demonstrate the presence of cytoid bodies and extramedullary hematopoiesis in the retinas of SIDS cases and children who die suddenly from other causes.