PREDICTING WHO REOFFENDS: THE NEGLECTED ROLE OF NEIGHBORHOOD CONTEXT IN RECIDIVISM STUDIES*

Prior studies of recidivism have focused almost exclusively on individual‐level characteristics of offenders and their offenses to explore the correlates of reoffending. Notably absent from these studies are measures reflecting the neighborhood contexts in which individuals live. The current research addresses this shortcoming. Using data on a sample of ex‐offenders in Multnomah County, Oregon (Portland and surrounding area) in conjunction with 2000 census data, we answer two questions. First, which individual‐level factors influence rates of recidivism? Second, to what extent does neighborhood socioeconomic status account for variation in the reoffending behavior of ex‐prisoners that is not explained by their individual‐level characteristics? We find that those who return to disadvantaged neighborhoods recidivate at a greater rate while those who return to resource rich or affluent communities recidivate at a lesser rate, controlling for individual‐level factors.     

当代人类文化发展呈现融合性趋势

当代人类化发展的重要特征是化发展呈现融合性趋势，具体表现为物质化与精神化融合的趋势，大众化与小众化融合的趋势，市场化与精英化融合的趋势，外在化与内在化融合的趋势。     

加强党的建设 提高党的战斗力

新的历史时期,党所面临的形势和任务发生了根本性变化,对党的领导能力和领导水平提出了新的要求。加强和改善党的领导,要通过提高执政能力和执政水平来体现。提高党的执政能力是加强党的建设的重要内容,是实现党在新世纪各项任务的根本保证。     

警察心理素质测评对于执法水平提高的作用

警察执法水平全面提高的制约因素很多 ,而决定因素在于警察的主体素质状况。其中 ,警察个体能力状况、个性心理健康状况是关键性的因素。它通过警察心理素质测评途径进行量化 ,不仅可以现实地评估警察高水平执法的心理素质标准 ,也可以具体地评析造成执法水平不高的主体心理原因 ,还可以理论地预测警察执法水平潜能的高低。这对于执法工作考核 ,强化公安队伍建设都是非常有益的。     

黑话的使用与犯罪心理机制

黑话是民族共同语在犯罪亚社会群内产生的特殊变异 ,它的使用往往折射出种种犯罪心理现象。黑话的使用与犯罪心理梯度、认同心理、禁忌心理等因素有关。     

试论青年文化的高层次提升

对青年文化进行高层次提升,是应对全球化挑战的必然选择,是全面建设小康社会的迫切要求。只有对作为亚文化的青年文化进行高层次的提升,使其成为具有人文精神底蕴和现代人生存价值的新文化形态,才能发挥其作为先进文化最重要的组成部分在应对全球化挑战和我国全面建设小康社会进程中的基础性作用。     

COMMUNITY ACCOUNTABILITY,MINORITY THREAT,AND POLICE BRUTALITY: AN EXAMINATION OF CIVIL RIGHTS CRIMINAL COMPLAINTS*

A growing body of evidence shows that minorities are disproportionately the targets of police brutality, but important theoretical questions about the causes of that inequity remain unanswered. One promising line of research involves structural‐level analyses of the incidence of police brutality complaints; however, existing studies do not incorporate variables from alternative theoretical explanations. Drawing on the community accountability hypothesis and the threat hypothesis, we tested the predictions of two prominent structural‐level explanations of police brutality in a study of civil rights criminal complaints. The study included cities of 150,000+ population (n = 114). The findings reveal that two community accountability variables—ratio percent Hispanic citizens to percent Hispanic police officers and the presence of citizen review—were related positively to police brutality complaints, partially supporting that perspective. Two threat hypothesis measures of threatening people—percent black and percent Hispanic (in the Southwest)—were related positively to complaints, as predicted. The relative degree of support for the two hypotheses is assessed.     

浅议乡镇政权中党委与人大间关系的协调

监督权是宪法和地方组织法赋予乡镇人大的一项重要职权,乡镇人大在行使这项职权的过程中,离不开党的领导。在乡镇政权体系中,如何处理好党委和人大之间的相互关系,是一个在理论上、实践上都需要进一步深入认识和明确的重要问题。     

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN SAME‐GENDER RELATIONSHIPS

Physical violence occurs in 11–12% of same‐gender couples, which suggests that domestic violence is an abuse of power that can happen in any type of intimate relationship, regardless of gender or sexual orientation. Although incidents of violence occur at the same rate in same‐gender couples and cross‐gender couples, the violence appears to be milder in same‐gender couples and it is unclear what percentage of same‐gender violence should be characterized as abuse or intimate terrorism. Same‐gender victims also suffer from the additional stress of severe isolation and the abuser's threats to expose the victim's sexual orientation in a hostile manner.