职业技能提升与体面劳动实现程度的互动关系 —— 基于北京市 4540份问卷调查数据的结构方程模型分析

通过对来自北京市职工的 4540 份问卷调查数据的结构方程模型（SEM）分析，检验了职工职业 技能提升与体面劳动实现程度的互动关系。分析结果验证了质性研究提出的三条理论假设，即职业技能水平的 提高增进体面劳动各维度的实现程度，体面劳动各维度的实现程度提高促进企业与职工的职业技能提升投入， 职业技能提升投入的增加导致职工职业技能水平的提升。因而，职业技能提升与体面劳动的实现互促互进，并 且体面劳动实现对职业技能提升的促进作用超过其反向关系。实现职业技能提升与体面劳动实现的良性循环， 是当前我国构建和谐劳动关系，推进供给侧结构性改革，实现产业转型升级与增长方式转变的必由之路。     

社会流动中农村外出务工女性的阶层分化研究——以河南省为例

在我国工业化、城市化和市场化的进程中,农村外出务工女性群体成为了一个非常值得关注的新型群体。在社会流动过程中,绝大多数农村女性通过外出务工,实现了社会阶层的向上流动。她们的层次分化已经初步显现,但层次分布很不合理。为了促进农村外出务工女性合理进行阶层分化,需要从以下几方面进行努力：大力宣传社会性别平等文化,努力培育社会性别平等意识;加大对农村女性劳动力的教育培训力度,提高农村女性劳动力的就业能力;积极在农村发展多元化的托幼养老组织,解决农村已婚女性外出务工的后顾之忧;继续深化户籍制度改革,着力提升城市社会对务工女性的公共服务水平。     

Safety demand and supply: An alternative to fear of crime

This review provides an opportunity to assess the current state of gang research and suggest directions for its future. There has been a dramatic increase in research on gangs, gang members, and gang behavior since the early 1990s, making this review especially timely. We use Short’s three-level framework of explanation to organize the findings of prior research, focusing on individual-, micro-, and macro-level research. Attention is focused on the findings of such research, but we also examine theoretical and methodological developments as well. Drawing from Short and life-course research, we introduce a cross-level temporal framework to guide future directions in gang research.     

Validation of LAB color mode as a nondestructive method to differentiate black ballpoint pen inks

Nondestructive digital processing methods such as lab color mode (available in Adobe Photoshop) are emerging as alternative methods for forensic document examiners to use when attempting to differentiate writing instrument inks. Although these techniques appear to be viable, little data currently exists regarding the known or potential error rates associated with these techniques. Without adequate data, the validity and reliability of these techniques, including lab color, can not be established. In an attempt to begin to address these issues, 44 black ballpoint ink pens were obtained and used to create 990 pen-pair samples for analysis using established lab color mode techniques. No erroneous findings of "different" were reported following the examination of the known pen-pair combinations in which the same pen was used to create the samples (n = 44). Of the remaining 946 samples, 737 pen-pair samples were differentiated using the lab color mode method, while 209 samples were unable to be differentiated and were recorded as either being "similar" (n = 153) or "unsure" (n = 56). Comparison of the lab color mode results with the results obtained through additional testing using traditional infrared reflectance and infrared luminescence test methods showed that lab color differentiated 102 pen-pair samples (11%; 102/946) that were not differentiated using a VSC-4C.     

“强县扩权”体制改革的文本分析

在发展县域经济的原动力下，我国诸多省份相继出台政策推行“扩大县（市）经济社会管理权限”改革，赋予县级政府地市级的经济社会管理权限，减少行政层级，成为探索“省直管县（市）体制”的又一路径和研究热点。通过分析各地政策文本中关于时间进程、改革目标、改革原则、改革内容、扩权方式与类型以及相应的配套措施等内容可以发现，由于“示范效应”的存在，各地在改革目标、改革原则、改革内容和扩权方式等方面存在着较大的共性，只有部分省份因地制宜地提出了有省情特征的改革举措，说明此项改革目前仍处于探索阶段，还有较大的完善空间。     

The Baltic states,Finland, and British economic expectations in the early 1920s

Abstract

After the First World War, the Baltic states — not Finland — attracted the British as a bridge to Russian markets. The article deals with the rank of these states in British economic expectations. It is shown that whereas the Baltic states were highly prioritized, in 1920, by 1926 the British preferred Finland as a more trusworthy trading partner than Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The article thus shows how the rank of the Baltic states and Finland changed in British expectations when all of these states were seen as markets in and of themselves.     

An Evaluation of Pre-Kyoto Differentiation Proposals for National Greenhouse Gas Abatement Targets

Although the Kyoto Protocol has set a precedent for future climate negotiations, particularly with respect to differentiation of targets between countries, the current approach is likely to be insufficient as a foundation for future targets. A more systematic approach is deemed necessary to meet the challenges of negotiating new targets after 2012 as well as involving the USA and perhaps developing countries. We argue that better negotiation tools can be helpful in this regard. We thus present an overview of more systematic differentiation methods for national greenhouse gas reduction targets. We draw from the proposals that were submitted in the climate negotiations from 1995 to 1997 leading up to the Kyoto Protocol, the EU's Triptique approach for internal differentiation of targets, and three proposals discussed in the literature on fairness principles. The most promising and helpful proposals for future negotiations are given particular attention: the second proposal by Japan, the French proposal, the Norwegian proposal, the Brazilian proposal, and Triptique. A numerical illustration of the former three together with the Sovereignty, Egalitarian, and Ability to Pay fairness principles is provided. Using resemblance to the Kyoto Protocol to measure political feasibility, we find that the proposals rank in the order; (1) the second Japanese; (2) the French; (3) the Norwegian; (4) the Sovereignty; (5) the Ability to Pay; and (6) the Egalitarian, the last being particularly infeasible.     

新型工业化的动力源于结构效率--落实科学发展观的必由之路

推进结构性增长是落实科学发展观的必然结果,其本质是将要素投入的增长转向要素效率的增长,经济结构优化升级所带来结构效率将成为我国新型工业化的动力源泉.新型工业化的核心是以信息技术改造、提升传统产业,以信息化带动工业化,实现经济持续快速健康发展.     

论禁止歧视

歧视是指被法律禁止的、针对特定群体或个人实施的、其效果或目的在于对承认、享有和行使基本权利进行区别、排斥、限制或优待的任何不合理的措施,即歧视的表现形式是在相同的情况下无合理理由而恣意取消或损害特定群体或个人平等享有权利的任何区分、排除或选择的措施。法律禁止歧视的目的是对少数群体或具备该群体特征的个人基本权利的保护以实现法律的公正。禁止歧视与平等在本质上是一致的,因为平等并不反对任何差别,但却反对没有合理依据的区别对待。如果差别有正当的理由并且是为了实现合法目的,则不构成歧视而是法律许可的合理差别。     

寻求不一致的一致——试论软法与协商民主机制的结构性耦合

卢曼认为,法律是一个使用合法/不合法的独特符号作为沟通手段的独立的规则系统,是人类行为的规范性预期的制度化。法律规范作为独立系统欲保持稳定与再生则必须在封闭运行的同时与外部环境之间保持认知的开放,其对外部环境刺激的稳定回应模式即为结构性耦合。从此视角观察,软法是一个相对而言制度化程度较低的,其稳定预期的功能相对弱化了的规则系统,它允许中间程度的效力,其创生本身具有回应性目的。软法建构的环境在国际关系和国内民主政治领域的表现形式就是协商民主。协商民主政治机制本身的出现就具有回应民主程度问题的性质,其成功的几个关键机制需要弹性的规范体系。软法能够模式化地回应协商民主的需要而与之形成结构性耦合。