An Evaluation of Pre-Kyoto Differentiation Proposals for National Greenhouse Gas Abatement Targets

Although the Kyoto Protocol has set a precedent for future climate negotiations, particularly with respect to differentiation of targets between countries, the current approach is likely to be insufficient as a foundation for future targets. A more systematic approach is deemed necessary to meet the challenges of negotiating new targets after 2012 as well as involving the USA and perhaps developing countries. We argue that better negotiation tools can be helpful in this regard. We thus present an overview of more systematic differentiation methods for national greenhouse gas reduction targets. We draw from the proposals that were submitted in the climate negotiations from 1995 to 1997 leading up to the Kyoto Protocol, the EU's Triptique approach for internal differentiation of targets, and three proposals discussed in the literature on fairness principles. The most promising and helpful proposals for future negotiations are given particular attention: the second proposal by Japan, the French proposal, the Norwegian proposal, the Brazilian proposal, and Triptique. A numerical illustration of the former three together with the Sovereignty, Egalitarian, and Ability to Pay fairness principles is provided. Using resemblance to the Kyoto Protocol to measure political feasibility, we find that the proposals rank in the order; (1) the second Japanese; (2) the French; (3) the Norwegian; (4) the Sovereignty; (5) the Ability to Pay; and (6) the Egalitarian, the last being particularly infeasible.     

新型工业化的动力源于结构效率--落实科学发展观的必由之路

推进结构性增长是落实科学发展观的必然结果,其本质是将要素投入的增长转向要素效率的增长,经济结构优化升级所带来结构效率将成为我国新型工业化的动力源泉.新型工业化的核心是以信息技术改造、提升传统产业,以信息化带动工业化,实现经济持续快速健康发展.     

论禁止歧视

歧视是指被法律禁止的、针对特定群体或个人实施的、其效果或目的在于对承认、享有和行使基本权利进行区别、排斥、限制或优待的任何不合理的措施,即歧视的表现形式是在相同的情况下无合理理由而恣意取消或损害特定群体或个人平等享有权利的任何区分、排除或选择的措施。法律禁止歧视的目的是对少数群体或具备该群体特征的个人基本权利的保护以实现法律的公正。禁止歧视与平等在本质上是一致的,因为平等并不反对任何差别,但却反对没有合理依据的区别对待。如果差别有正当的理由并且是为了实现合法目的,则不构成歧视而是法律许可的合理差别。     

寻求不一致的一致——试论软法与协商民主机制的结构性耦合

卢曼认为,法律是一个使用合法/不合法的独特符号作为沟通手段的独立的规则系统,是人类行为的规范性预期的制度化。法律规范作为独立系统欲保持稳定与再生则必须在封闭运行的同时与外部环境之间保持认知的开放,其对外部环境刺激的稳定回应模式即为结构性耦合。从此视角观察,软法是一个相对而言制度化程度较低的,其稳定预期的功能相对弱化了的规则系统,它允许中间程度的效力,其创生本身具有回应性目的。软法建构的环境在国际关系和国内民主政治领域的表现形式就是协商民主。协商民主政治机制本身的出现就具有回应民主程度问题的性质,其成功的几个关键机制需要弹性的规范体系。软法能够模式化地回应协商民主的需要而与之形成结构性耦合。     

21世纪初我国经济结构调整的思考

当前世界经济结构调整方兴未艾,我国的结构调整也势在必行。随着我国成为世贸组织成员国,我国经济结构调整面临许多新情况。我国应确定新原则和新战略,以应对出现的新情况。应坚持整体性、非均衡性、市场化和有序性原则,在所有制结构、产业结构、技术结构、地区结构、城乡结构方面进行调整,同时处理好经济结构调整和经济增长、制度创新与经济结构调整、经济结构调整中政府与市场的关系。     

论中国制度结构效率及二元经济的转换

制度结构效率是评价制度整体优劣的重要依据。静态的制度耦合状态决定静态的制度结构效率。在制度变迁过程中 ,适应环境变化的均衡的制度变迁是动态制度结构效率的决定性因素。我国制度变迁的路径依赖已经降低了制度的结构效率。为促进二元经济结构的转换 ,必须转换制度变迁路径 ,优化制度结构 ,提高制度结构效率     

大鼠神经干细胞的分离培养和分化

分离大鼠大脑皮质及皮质下组织 ,经消化及机械吹打后 ,用悬浮培养法、有限稀释法获得来源于同一细胞的亚细胞系克隆 ;用免疫细胞化学法鉴定神经干细胞 (NSCs)。结果 ,从大鼠大脑皮质及皮质下分离的组织 ,经原代和传代培养均可形成细胞克隆 ,并具有增殖能力 ;原代和传代细胞抗原与抗巢蛋白 (nestin)单克隆抗体反应呈阳性 ;单细胞克隆能分化成神经元、星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞。结果表明 ,用此方法分离的细胞具有自我更新和分化潜能 ,有很强的增殖能力 ,是属于中枢神经系统的干细胞。     

MODELING THE EFFECTS OF RACIAL THREAT ON PUNITIVE AND RESTORATIVE SCHOOL DISCIPLINE PRACTICES*

It is clear that schools are mirroring the criminal justice system by becoming harsher toward student misbehavior despite decreases in delinquency. Moreover, Black students consistently are disciplined more frequently and more severely than others for the same behaviors, much in the same way that Black criminals are subjected to harsher criminal punishments than other offenders. Research has found that the racial composition of schools is partially responsible for harsher school discipline just as the racial composition of areas has been associated with punitive criminal justice measures. Yet, no research has explored comprehensively the dynamics involved in how racial threat and other factors influence discipline policies that ultimately punish Black students disproportionately. In this study (N = 294 public schools), structural equation models assess how school racial composition affects school disciplinary policies in light of other influences on discipline and gauge how other possible predictors of school disciplinary policies relate to racial composition of schools, to various school disciplinary policies, and to one another. Findings indicate that schools responding to student misbehavior with one type of discipline tend to use other types of responses as well and that many factors predict the type of disciplinary response used by schools. However, disadvantaged, urban schools with a greater Black, poor, and Hispanic student population are more likely to respond to misbehavior in a punitive manner and less likely to respond in a restorative manner.     

权利的结构：以商法为例

权利的合成、分解和单纯结构变动是商法中的常见现象，这些现象呼唤一个权利结构方面的理论。结构是权利的重要参数，具有无限性、独立性和整体性等特征。权利的合成、分解和单纯结构变动既可能诱发权利的质变，又可能改变权利的功能，这两点已经被商法广泛运用。权利结构的设计应当是商法乃至整个私法的基本问题之一。     

结构功能主义视角下重庆“后打黑时期”黑恶组织现状分析及其长效治理

以结构功能主义理论为视角，对“后打黑时期”重庆黑恶组织现状进行分析，认为黑恶犯罪的出现、发展源于对其有制约作用的各类群体、组织制约功能的弱化；同时借用帕森斯的任意系统必备功能项理论，提出重庆“后打黑时期”，修复警察、民众部分对黑恶犯罪的制约功能，以及对民众和警察部门的系统目标、整合、文化等功能进行协调是构建“治黑”长效机制的思考方向。