寻求不一致的一致——试论软法与协商民主机制的结构性耦合

卢曼认为,法律是一个使用合法/不合法的独特符号作为沟通手段的独立的规则系统,是人类行为的规范性预期的制度化。法律规范作为独立系统欲保持稳定与再生则必须在封闭运行的同时与外部环境之间保持认知的开放,其对外部环境刺激的稳定回应模式即为结构性耦合。从此视角观察,软法是一个相对而言制度化程度较低的,其稳定预期的功能相对弱化了的规则系统,它允许中间程度的效力,其创生本身具有回应性目的。软法建构的环境在国际关系和国内民主政治领域的表现形式就是协商民主。协商民主政治机制本身的出现就具有回应民主程度问题的性质,其成功的几个关键机制需要弹性的规范体系。软法能够模式化地回应协商民主的需要而与之形成结构性耦合。     

21世纪初我国经济结构调整的思考

当前世界经济结构调整方兴未艾,我国的结构调整也势在必行。随着我国成为世贸组织成员国,我国经济结构调整面临许多新情况。我国应确定新原则和新战略,以应对出现的新情况。应坚持整体性、非均衡性、市场化和有序性原则,在所有制结构、产业结构、技术结构、地区结构、城乡结构方面进行调整,同时处理好经济结构调整和经济增长、制度创新与经济结构调整、经济结构调整中政府与市场的关系。     

论中国制度结构效率及二元经济的转换

制度结构效率是评价制度整体优劣的重要依据。静态的制度耦合状态决定静态的制度结构效率。在制度变迁过程中 ,适应环境变化的均衡的制度变迁是动态制度结构效率的决定性因素。我国制度变迁的路径依赖已经降低了制度的结构效率。为促进二元经济结构的转换 ,必须转换制度变迁路径 ,优化制度结构 ,提高制度结构效率     

The (ir)relevance of unemployment for labour market policy attitudes and welfare state attitudes

Typically, associations between being unemployed and policy attitudes are explained with reference to economic self-interest considerations of the unemployed. Preferences for labour market policies (LMP) and egalitarian preferences are the prime example and the focus of this study. Its aim is to challenge this causal self-interest argument: self-interest consistent associations of unemployment with policy preferences are neither necessarily driven by self-interest nor necessarily causal. To that end, this article first confronts the self-interest argument with a broader perspective on attitudes. Given that predispositions (e.g., value orientations) are stable and influence more specific policy attitudes, it is at least questionable whether people change their policy attitudes simply because they get laid off. Second, the article derives a non-causal argument behind associations between unemployment and policy attitudes, arguing that these might be spurious associations driven by individuals’ socioeconomic background. After all, the entire socioeconomic background of a person is simultaneously related to both the risk of getting unemployed (‘selection into unemployment’) and distinct political socialisation experiences from early childhood onwards. Third, this article uses methods inspired by a counterfactual account on causality to test the non-causal claims. Analyses are carried out using the fourth wave of the European Social Survey and applying entropy balancing to control for selection bias. In only two of the 31 analysed countries do unemployment effects on egalitarian orientations remain significant after controlling for selection bias. The same holds for effects on active LMP attitudes with the exception of six countries. Attitudes towards passive LMP are to some degree an exception since effects remain in a third of the countries. Robustness checks and Bayes factor replications showing evidence for the absence of unemployment effects support the general impression from these initial analyses. After discussing this article's results and limitations, its broader implications are considered. On the one hand, the article offers a new perspective on the conceptualisation and measurement of unemployment risk. On the other hand, its theoretical argument, as well as its treatment of the resulting selection bias, can be broadly applied. Thus, this article can contribute to many other research questions regarding the (ir)relevance of individual life events for political attitudes and political behaviour.     

Governance and youth unemployment in Africa

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study is to identify governance indicators that can reduce youth unemployment in Africa. Thereby, the authors incorporated governance indicators into the growth model. The dynamic panel estimation of the model, based on data from the World Bank, the IMF and UNCTAD for the period 2002–2016 found that some governance indicators such as control of corruption and political stability have a negative influence on youth unemployment in Africa. Moreover, political stability does not reduce youth unemployment in highly corrupt countries which are rich in natural resources. Similarly, other governance indicators such as government effectiveness, regulatory quality, the rule of law, voice and accountability are not yet producing the expected effects in African countries. As a result, political authorities must improve governance indicators, including the control of corruption and political stability.     

MODELING THE EFFECTS OF RACIAL THREAT ON PUNITIVE AND RESTORATIVE SCHOOL DISCIPLINE PRACTICES*

It is clear that schools are mirroring the criminal justice system by becoming harsher toward student misbehavior despite decreases in delinquency. Moreover, Black students consistently are disciplined more frequently and more severely than others for the same behaviors, much in the same way that Black criminals are subjected to harsher criminal punishments than other offenders. Research has found that the racial composition of schools is partially responsible for harsher school discipline just as the racial composition of areas has been associated with punitive criminal justice measures. Yet, no research has explored comprehensively the dynamics involved in how racial threat and other factors influence discipline policies that ultimately punish Black students disproportionately. In this study (N = 294 public schools), structural equation models assess how school racial composition affects school disciplinary policies in light of other influences on discipline and gauge how other possible predictors of school disciplinary policies relate to racial composition of schools, to various school disciplinary policies, and to one another. Findings indicate that schools responding to student misbehavior with one type of discipline tend to use other types of responses as well and that many factors predict the type of disciplinary response used by schools. However, disadvantaged, urban schools with a greater Black, poor, and Hispanic student population are more likely to respond to misbehavior in a punitive manner and less likely to respond in a restorative manner.     

权利的结构：以商法为例

权利的合成、分解和单纯结构变动是商法中的常见现象，这些现象呼唤一个权利结构方面的理论。结构是权利的重要参数，具有无限性、独立性和整体性等特征。权利的合成、分解和单纯结构变动既可能诱发权利的质变，又可能改变权利的功能，这两点已经被商法广泛运用。权利结构的设计应当是商法乃至整个私法的基本问题之一。     

结构功能主义视角下重庆“后打黑时期”黑恶组织现状分析及其长效治理

以结构功能主义理论为视角，对“后打黑时期”重庆黑恶组织现状进行分析，认为黑恶犯罪的出现、发展源于对其有制约作用的各类群体、组织制约功能的弱化；同时借用帕森斯的任意系统必备功能项理论，提出重庆“后打黑时期”，修复警察、民众部分对黑恶犯罪的制约功能，以及对民众和警察部门的系统目标、整合、文化等功能进行协调是构建“治黑”长效机制的思考方向。     

学习上海公专精神探索我省改革之路——公安部公安民警招录培养体制改革培训班学习有感

为了贯彻《中央政法委员会关于深化司法体制和工作机制改革若干问题的意见》的精神，公安院校招录培养体制进行了重大调整。上海公安专科学校已经走出一条较为成功的模式，并且受到中央领导的肯定。作为经济欠发达、管理体制也与上海有较大差异的安徽省，应该结合自身实际，探索出一条务实的公安招录培养体制的跨越之路。     

Citizen and Open Government: An Empirical Analysis of Antecedents of Open Government Data

Given the lack of empirical research investigating citizens’ use of open government, this study examines the antecedents of citizens’ use of open government data. Based on technology acceptance and motivation theory, this article proposes and empirically tests a research model, applying structural equation modeling to survey data collected from 210 citizens. The findings show that ease of use, usefulness, intrinsic motivation, and Internet competence significantly determine citizens’ intention to use open government data. Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of citizens’ attitudes and behavior in the context of open government and offers implications for research and practice.