两岸政治关系初探:政府继承的视角

从国际法上讲,两岸政治关系的本质是政府继承关系.但两岸政治关系的特殊性在于这一政府继承尚未完成,但又不是中华人民共和国与"中华民国"分别继承了大陆部分和台湾部分.实际上政府继承可以进一步区分为权利能力的继承和行为能力的继承.1949年后,中华人民共和国完成了权利能力层面的政府继承,而尚未完成行为能力层面的政府继承.因此,两岸政治关系实际上包含了三个层面的内容:国家层面、政府权利能力层面、政府行为能力层面.     

Proactive counter-terrorist strategies in conflict with human rights

Three standard governmental policy responses to terrorism have been identified: a military one, treating the fight against terrorism as a form of warfare; a police-based one, treating it simply as a form of criminal activity, to be detected and then defeated using (perhaps some modified version of) the criminal justice system; and a political one, viewing it as a form of armed rebellion to be resolved through negotiation and the political process. All three responses to terrorism may be evident in any particular instance.     

继承权本质的法理透视

关于继承权的本质 ,从被继承人的角度观察 ,主要有家族本位说、死后抚养说、意思说、无主财产归属说四种见解。随着社会、经济的发展 ,前两种已无人主张 ,唯有后两种仍有人对其研究 ,而且也践行各国的立法中。但我国继承法基于当时特殊国情的影响 ,遂采纳了死后抚养说 ,由此产生了许多弊端。鉴于此 ,我国现今继承法对继承权本质的理解 ,应确立以意思说为主 ,死后抚养说为辅的理念。     

财产刑执行情况的调查报告

各地法院财产刑的执行中存在财产刑判处和执行的随意性较大,财产刑执结率低、执行手段单一且缺乏规范性和统一性等问题,而导致这些问题的原因主要在于财产刑执行缺乏明确的法律规定,判罚标准不尽合理以及公安司法机关配合不力。对此,调查报告有针对性地提出设置财产刑诉辩程序以及完善财产刑执行的立法机制等对策,并提出了财产刑执行在现有体制下的工作思路。调查报告还对未成年被告人适用财产刑的问题给予了关注,考虑到未成年被告人作为犯罪主体的特殊性,建议对其有限制地适用财产刑。     

关于设立“特留份”制度的立法构想

“特留份”制度的产生源于对遗嘱自由的限制,当今世界各国不仅都在立法上对于遗嘱自由进行了一定程度的限制,而且从法律上规定被继承人应当为配偶和其他近血亲保留必要的遗产份额,已经成为世界上绝大多数国家的立法趋势。在新的社会条件下,我国立法应该怎样构建合理的遗嘱继承制度,从而保护配偶和其近血亲继承人的利益,是立法上急需解决的问题。本文对于有关这一问题的立法提出了自己的构想。     

Associational Patterns of Scavenger Beetles to Decomposition Stages

Beetles associated with carrion play an important role in recycling organic matter in an ecosystem. Four experiments on decomposition, one per season, were conducted in a semirural area in Bahía Blanca, Argentina. Melyridae are reported for the first time of forensic interest. Apart from adults and larvae of Scarabaeidae, thirteen species and two genera of other coleopteran families are new forensic records in Argentina. Diversity, abundance, and species composition of beetles showed differences between stages and seasons. Our results differed from other studies conducted in temperate regions. Four guilds and succession patterns were established in relation to decomposition stages and seasons. Dermestidae (necrophages) predominated in winter during the decomposition process; Staphylinidae (necrophiles) in Fresh and Bloat stages during spring, summer, and autumn; and Histeridae (necrophiles) and Cleridae (omnivores) in the following stages during those seasons. Finally, coleopteran activity, diversity and abundance, and decomposition rate change with biogeoclimatic characteristics, which is of significance in forensics.     

The place of women in European royal succession in the middle ages

When in 1997 Professor Michael Bennett announced his rediscovery of Edward III’s succession charter of 1376, the general press proclaimed that succession to the English throne had for the first time been made a male preserve, and that before that date there had been no barrier to a woman occupying the throne, citing, for example, the case of Matilda, daughter of Henry I. But is this correct? By examining examples from both Britain and continental Europe from c.1100 onwards, this paper seeks to establish the true position of women in the succession to European thrones before ‘effective’ female rulers – those who ruled independently of husbands or regents – became a regular feature of the political landscape from the late fifteenth century onwards.     

Vegetation dynamics as a tool for detecting clandestine graves

The burial of a body can affect plant communities through mechanical disturbance and nutrient balance alteration. We performed an experimental trial using five swine carcasses buried in an open site in Italy. Vegetation dynamics was monitored recording monthly every plant individual on a regular sampling grid during 1 year on the graves, on an empty control grave, and on an undisturbed plot. Plant species composition and cover were significantly different between the disturbed and the undisturbed plots. Disturbed plots showed the increase in ruderal species and the reduction in stress-tolerant ones. Graves and the control grave could not be distinguished from each other. Disturbance was the main factor affecting plant cover, while the presence of a buried body did not affect vegetation dynamics. However, disturbance could be easily detected; the functional approach seems promising for the identification of dynamic patterns to be used in different biogeographic and ecological contexts.     

日本的皇位继承制度与《皇室典范》

《皇室典范》是基于宪法制定的天皇皇位继承等有关皇室事务的法律。明治时代出于建立天皇专制主义政权的需要,于1889年颁布的《皇室典范》结束了皇位继承混乱无序的历史,作为与宪法具有同等效力的最高法规,确立了天皇至高无上的地位。第二次世界大战结束后,根据新宪法制定的新《皇室典范》,天皇的地位和性质发生了本质变化,但在皇位继承制度方面依然沿袭了明治《皇室典范》的基本原则。这一战后改革不彻底的后果,束缚了皇室的发展,也是当今日本皇室出现继承危机的根源。     

Rural economies and leadership change in Central Asia

ABSTRACT

This article applies a political economy approach to questions of presidential succession in Central Asia. Using the cases of Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, it examines how institutions governing rural economies generate, channel and distribute rents within these authoritarian regimes. In some, these institutions concentrate rents under long-standing rulers; in others they diffuse rents away from rulers. The article then specifies obstacles to leadership change that arise from these rural economies, and the crises those obstacles may pose for authoritarian regimes in the region.