Pre-parliamentary party career and political representation

Abstract

Members of parliament are accountable to both their district and party. Consequently, they have to balance their responsiveness to these competing principals when their preferences diverge. Existing research on this representational dilemma focuses mostly on the role of political institutions, whereas this article offers a new individual-level explanation: pre-parliamentary party careers. Using sequence analysis, three ideal-typical pre-parliamentary career paths are identified: the party local, the party functionary, and the party civilian. The share of party locals increases over time at the expense of party civilians in the Danish parliament, and these party locals are more likely to diverge from the party’s position when it is unpopular among their constituents. These findings corroborate existing evidence of political professionalisation in parliamentary democracies, but they also suggest that professionalisation may be associated with a localisation of politics leading to more rather than less constituency representation.     

胶带粘面汗潜指纹小粒子悬浮液显现法的比较研究

在暴力犯罪中,胶带成为犯罪分子常用的工具,因此有必要对胶带粘面指纹的提取、显现技术作进一步的研究。通过分别配置几种小粒子悬浮液,比较显现效果得出结论:碳粉和K-12配制的悬浮液是一种针对胶带汗潜指纹显现效果良好的配伍组合。     

The consequences of supply gaps in two-dimensional policy spaces for voter turnout and political support: The case of economically left-wing and culturally right-wing citizens in Western Europe

Parties with left-wing positions on economic issues and right-wing (i.e., authoritarian) positions on cultural issues have been historically largely absent from the supply side of the policy space of Western European democracies. Yet, many citizens hold such left-authoritarian issue attitudes. This article addresses the hypotheses that left-authoritarian citizens are less likely to vote, less satisfied with the democratic process and have lower levels of political trust when there is a left-authoritarian supply gap. Using data for 14 Western European countries from the European Social Survey 2008 in the main analysis, it is shown that left-authoritarians are less likely to vote and exhibit lower levels of satisfaction with democracy and political trust. A supplementary analysis of national election studies from Finland before and after the electoral breakthrough of the left-authoritarian True Finns Party in 2011 indicates that whether left-authoritarians participate less and believe less in the efficacy of voting is contingent on the presence of a strong left-authoritarian party. This study illuminates how constrained party supply in a two-dimensional policy space can affect voter turnout as well as political support, and has broader implications for the potential further rise of left-authoritarian challenger parties.     

Do female legislators benefit from incumbency advantage? Incumbent renomination in a flexible-list PR system

This study investigates whether female legislators, just like their male colleagues, also benefit from incumbency advantage in the form of privileged access to candidate selection. This is done by examining whether female and male MPs receive the same reward for equivalent political performance when renomination decisions are made by political parties. Political performance is conceptualised in terms of incumbents’ popularity among voters, readiness to vote along the party line and legislative activity. An original dataset comprising 1032 observations on Czech legislators elected between 1996 and 2017 is used in the analysis. The results suggests that well-performing female MPs are just as likely as their male colleagues to secure a favourable renomination outcome. This result should not, however, be interpreted as evidence of gender-neutral access to re-election and political seniority as past research clearly indicates that female MPs need to work harder than men to produce the same political output.     

生育政策调整对我国劳动力供给规模的影响评估

全面二孩政策的实施,是中国生育政策的一次重大调整,研究该政策的实施对劳动力供给的影响具有十分重要的意义.本研究利用2010年的人口普查数据,设置全面二孩政策实施后生育水平可能的变化方案,并在此基础上对全面二孩政策的实施对我国未来劳动力供给规模的影响进行测算.研究结果表明,无论生育政策是否调整,我国未来劳动力供给都将呈现...     

Exclusive Safeguards and Technology Transfer: Subcontracting Agreements in Eastern Europe's Car Component Industry

We study the rationale for the use of exclusivity to protect transfer of technology in subcontracting agreements. The legal possibility arises through the EU Notice on Subcontracting. Empirically, the link between exclusive agreements and technology transfer among firms in the automotive supply industry in EU candidate countries is surprisingly weak, although with exclusive-supply or exclusive-buying clauses in subcontracting agreements upstream transfer of technology is more likely. Exclusive agreements are often reciprocal, and are typically passed on. Downstream firms are more likely to face and use vertical restraints. Technology trickles upstream: Multinational final assemblers transfer more technology than lower-tier suppliers.     

法律援助供需矛盾解决途径之探索

我国已初步建立起法律援助制度,几年来法律援助工作取得一定的成绩。但基于我国国情,现有法律援助资源无法满足社会需求,突出表现为人力不足和财力不足。解决法律援助供需矛盾可尝试实行法律援助服务实施主体多元化,通过多种途径完善费用分担制度,开辟多种经费来源渠道。     

Vetospieler und die Durchsetzbarkeit von Side‐Payments

Once an agreement is signed at the international level, it can no longer be modified during the domestic decision‐making process. However, it is possible to compensate potential veto players by a purely domestic legislative act. Under which circumstances do such side‐payments make sense, and what is the role played by political strategies? In order to be compensated, an actor needs to be considered a veto player. Furthermore, the defenders of the international agreement must have a sufficiently large interest in its ratification to be willing to offer compensations. These basic conditions fulfilled, the existence or not of side‐payments depends on the strategic interactions between the political actors. In the last ten years, Swiss citizens had to vote twice on an international agreement establishing free movement of persons. In both cases, the unions asked for flanking measures; while they failed in their attempt in the context of the European Economic Area, they succeeded in the case of the bilateral agreements. This difference in outcome is all the more surprising since in both cases the unions were in a veto player position and the export oriented economy had a strong interest in the ratification of the agreements. This article explains the different fate of the unions' claims by stressing the role of changes in actor strategies. The credibility of the threat to block the decision‐making process and the succession of the game sequences are in this perspective of paramount importance. By using strategically the veto threat, domestic groups such as unions are able to benefit from internationalisation.     

未来营销的主旋律--供应营销

优秀的公司是满足顾客的需求，伟大的公司则是创造市场。在现代营销观念指导下的企业难以把握顾客的潜在需求，这不利于企业创造新的市场。在网络经济时代，企业需要实行供应营销，进行营销创新，获得熊彼特创新租金。     

高校自主招生改革试行十年的回顾和展望

从全面回顾高校自主招生改革实施十年的角度，系统梳理了我国高校自主招生改革在引领社会观念转变、落实高校办学自主权、促进素质教育实施、推动人才选拔机制改革等方面的积极作用，同时深入剖析了改革存在的公平性、定位和操作偏差、成本偏重和增加负担等问题。在此基础上，结合对教育部自主招生“指导意见”文件精神的解读，提出了对当前和今后一个时期深化自主招生改革政策走向的预测，以及建立和完善相关配套体制机制的设想。