Evaluating the impact of repeated leadership targeting on militant group durability

ABSTRACT

The effects of repeated leadership targeting on militant organizations have been little discussed and quantitatively assessed. This research undertakes to assess the policy’s effectiveness by account for targeting policies’ repeated nature. Analysis of 207 militant organizations between 1970 and 2008 finds that repeated targeting can hasten a group’s demise, but quadratically. While initial targeting interventions actually increase a group’s resilience, a series of successive attacks significantly reduces their survivability. This effect is particularly significant for young organizations. The findings suggest that for targeting to be effective, patience and repeated interventions are required; it is erroneous to conclude its effectiveness based on a single intervention result.     

Source Strategies and Media Audiences

ABSTRACT

This article argues for a particular approach to the relationship between the production and reception of mass media, using as a key the theory of targeting and its application in elements of the political marketing mix: media relations and news management. In particular, two case studies show that in this context very fine-tuned targeting is normal and that the details of conjuncture are crucial. The implications of this form of targeting for the understanding of media audiences are spelt out through a critique of certain approaches to the audience: audience measurement, agenda-setting and framing theory, ‘active audience’ theories, and targeting as practised in media buying and programming. On the basis of these case studies and critiques, it suggests that this category of targeted audiences has characteristics whose relevance to analysis of the production/reception relationship has gone unrecognised, and that to this extent the theory of this relationship needs to be re-cast.     

Facebook,the Conservatives and the Risk to Fair and Open Elections in the UK

The Conservative party spent £1.2 million on Facebook during the UK 2015 general election campaign. This enabled the party to target specific voters in marginal constituencies with tailored messages. Their use of Facebook in 2015 shows how central digital media had become to their campaign communication. It also shows, however, that this communication may be compromising the principles of fair and open elections in the UK, for example by allowing parties to effectively bypass constituency spending limits and avoid transparency. Unless electoral legislation and regulation are changed to take account of developments in digital media they are liable to become increasingly anachronistic and ineffective.     

川芎嗪微乳的脑靶向性研究

[摘要]目的 制备川芎嗪微乳，初步考察其在小鼠体内的脑靶向性。方法 分别给小鼠口服川芎嗪微乳和川芎嗪片剂混悬液，在给药后不同时点分别观察并比较小鼠脑部川芎嗪的血药浓度。结果 川芎嗪微乳总靶向效率(overall targeting efficiency,TE)=18.75%，川芎嗪片剂混悬液TE=12.25%；靶向指数(targeting index,TI)=606.00%，相对靶向效率(relative overall targeting efficiency,RTE)=53.06%。结论 小鼠口服川芎嗪微乳后，川芎嗪在脑部的含量明显高于小鼠口服川芎嗪片剂混悬液后脑部川芎嗪含量，且川芎嗪在脑部平均滞留时间(mean residence time,MRT)也明显延长，说明川芎嗪微乳具有脑靶向性和缓释性。