公共财政下的税收债法理论

国家与财政的公共性密不可分,二者关系的厘清,不仅关系着财政学基本理论的明确,也关系着我国财政法治的实现。而税收债法理论一改国家分配论的权力观,不仅为学界理解税收、税法的基本理论提供了新的思路,更有助于构建有中国特色的社会主义财政法体系。以公共财政为背景,从公共财政的核心及具体要求出发,探讨税收之债的基本涵义,着重分析税收债法概念的引入对于税法原则、税法权利及救济等关系着我国财税法治建设发展进程的重要意义。     

征税权扩张与第三人财产权的保护

征税权扩张是应对纳税人独立财产权的必然选择。征税权扩张的合法性来自征税权本身的合法性及其必需性、纳税人财产权的受限制性以及宪法和法律对征税权扩张的限制。协调征税权扩张与第三人财产权的冲突应当严格遵循获利原则、过错原则与限度原则。我国已经确立征税权扩张与第三人财产权保护制度,但仍有必要进一步予以完善。     

Two strategies for building a personal vote: Personalized representation in the UK and Denmark

Across parliamentary democracies, elected representatives constitute the link between citizens and government. MPs can connect with voters via the party label, or through personalized forms of representation, which is seen to be increasing in importance. However, scholars disagree on what explains variation in MPs' use of personalized representation strategies. In this article, we argue that politicians use different strategies to personalize the link between themselves and citizens: a constituency-oriented and a person-oriented strategy. To test our argument, we develop a new and novel dataset with behavioral measures of personalized representation. Using a content analyses of 698 British and Danish MPs’ personal websites, we demonstrate that the use of personalization strategies is conditional on the incentives MPs face in terms of electoral insecurity, candidate selection procedures, and the electoral context of the system. Our findings show that the level and type of personalized politics vary across political systems and may pose different types of challenges to party democracies.     

Institutional Arrangements and State and Local Financial Forecasting

Abstract

The articles in this symposium present various consequences that effectively result in changes from adopted budgets during the implementation phase, which derive from institutional structure. The institutional structures referred to include such attributes as internal policy, procedural methodology, longevity in office, and reward and incentive systems related to performance outcomes

For local governments, structural influences studied include changes in leadership in the executive and legislative branches, longevity in office of budget administrators, and differences related to mayor-council vs. council-manager forms of government. Internal policies reported on cover methodology used to forecast revenues such as quantitative methods versus informed judgment, budgetary controls and spending policy related to mandated spending beyond local government control, and procedures for benchmarking within the agency as well as with peer groups and professional standards.

Consortia of governments are referenced regarding performance evaluation as is the process for gaining consensus between the executive and legislative branches, including expert outside opinion. Other influences on performance outcomes reported on are those tied to the risk-reward system built in to the institutional structure, which includes risk tolerance of the individuals who make pension fund investments.     

我国房地产税改革探析——基于公平、效率视角下的考量

房地产税作为一种财产税,在我国的社会经济发展中发挥着重要的调节功能,其完善与否直接关系着我国社会经济的转型发展和地方政府职能转变。本文从公平、效率的视角出发,对我国房地产税改革中存在的主要问题进行客观、理性和系统的分析,就其完善提出了相应的政策建议。     

税收调控的合法化与私权的保护

税收调控在中国社会经济生活中发挥重大作用的同时,也带来了一些问题。税收调控不仅要考虑宏观调控的目的,也要注重对私权的保护。这是宪政的要求,也是法治国的体现。中国目前税收调控的失范状态,不仅导致了税收调控脱离了合法性,而且屡屡造成对私权的侵犯乃至践踏。因此,税收调控必须依法进行,走合法化道路,包括税收调控权力来源的合法化,依据的合法化以及程序的合法化等。     

启示与借鉴——以发达国家和地区房地产保有阶段税收法律制度为视角

2010年4月17日国务院下发了《关于坚决遏制部分城市房价过快上涨的通知》（国发〔2010〕10号）,要求：＂发挥税收政策对住房消费和房地产收益的调节作用。财政部、税务总局要加快研究制定引导个人合理住房消费和调节个人房产收益的税收政策。＂近一时期,有关开征物业税的信息沸沸扬扬,如上海要开征＂房产保有税＂,重庆开征＂特别房产消费税＂等。通过对一些发达国家和地区房地产保有阶段税收立法模式和具体制度设计的分析与比较,借鉴其先进的理念和成熟的实践经验,从而对我国房地产保有阶段税收法律制度的改革和完善提出要在原基础上整合与规范,要制定系列配套措施等建议。     

降低税收遵从成本 创新纳税服务模式

纳税人需要尽可能低的税收遵从成本,而税务机关希望纳税人最大限度地遵从税法,征纳双方在税收征管的博弈有个理性选择的契合点——降低税收遵从成本。因此,研究纳税人税收遵从成本与纳税服务的相关性,探索降低企业税收遵从成本来推进纳税服务工作,通过改进纳税服务措施来降低纳税人的税收遵从成本,形成二者间的良性循环,对我国企业、税务机关和国家经济健康的发展都具有重要的意义。     

税收征管质效与税务稽查体系建设

分税制财政体制改革后的20多年来，随着税制改革的不断深入及征管模式的优化调整．我国的税收工作取得了一定的成绩。税务稽查作为税收征管的最后一道防线，对维护税法的严肃性，保证税款的及时入库，发挥了重要作用。因此，对税务稽查模式的深入探讨，有助于提高税收征管效能。     

与碳排放交易有关的犯罪行为及其防范措施

碳市场属于新兴市场,呈现碎片化特征。碳排放交易标的为法律虚拟物,不需要实物交割,交易相对复杂。碳排放交易和其他金融交易一样,由于涉及资金巨大、法律不完善、监管不严密和透明度欠缺等原因,极易滋生犯罪。与碳排放交易有关的犯罪行为主要为诈骗、逃税、洗钱和网络盗窃等。应该加强各碳排放交易市场间的合作与沟通,共同监管和惩治碳排放交易所涉犯罪行为。