The Impact of Postal Voting on Participation: Evidence for Switzerland

Many countries are forging ahead with convenient balloting methods, in particular electronic and postal voting, in order to re‐engage voters. In this paper, we test whether the cost reductions through postal voting increase turnout. The empirical analysis is based on a newly collected data set on the introduction of postal voting in Swiss cantons. We take advantage of the unique fact that voting by mail was introduced at different times across cantons. This allows identifying the impact of postal voting on turnout, independent of time, issue and canton‐specific effects. The estimated average effect on turnout is roughly 4.1 percentage points for an average turnout of 43 percent between 1970 and 2005.     

SQL server 2000事务日志文件深入剖析

在对大型数据库进行管理和维护操作时,经常会遇到操作速度缓慢、磁盘空间不足以及数据恢复等问题,这些问题的关键常常和事务日志有关。正确维护和处理好事务日志可确保数据库系统安全及高效运转。     

The ethical implications of prospective payment and corporate medical practice: A research agenda

The major trends in the growth of prospective payment and the corporatization of medical practice in the United States are examined. In particular, the ethical implications of these changes in the context of the multiple system goals of access, cost containment, and quality are considered. Considerable concern is being expressed that with the dominant emphasis on cost containment, the principles of access and quality might be compromised. This paper formulates a research agenda to address this question, based on a review and synthesis of empirical evidence and hypotheses about the probable or actual impact of these changes on the multiple health system goals. A basic premise is that ethical judgments should be grounded in empirical evidence about what actually is or will be.     

The failure of market failure

The concept of market failure was originally presented by economists as a normative explanation of why the need for government expenditures might arise. Gradually, the concept has taken on the form of a full‐scale diagnostic tool frequently employed by policy analysts to determine the exact scope and nature of government intervention. For some time, economists have known that the market failure idea is conceptually flawed. The authors of this article demonstrate why this is so, employing concepts drawn from the perspective of transaction costs. In a review of empirical studies, they further show how the market failure diagnostic leads analysts to make generalizations that are not supported by facts. Transaction cost analysis helps to explain the underlying processes involved. © 1999 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.     

发展公私伙伴关系对中国政府管理的挑战及对策研究

公私伙伴关系是政府提供公共服务的重要方式。本文根据合作博弈与交易成本理论建立公私伙伴关系的分析框架,从提高政府讨价还价能力、减少公共部门和私人部门双方交易成本的角度,分析了发展公私伙伴关系在政府能力、制度建设、政府诚信、监管能力、危机管理和廉政建设方面给政府管理带来的挑战,并提出相应对策。     

双重股权架构的域外经验与中国应对

双重股权架构在美国已经有数十年的实践历史,近年来,亚洲各个冀望迅速推动本地高新企业成长的法域纷纷改变其既往立场,吸纳同股不同权公司上市。2018年,中国香港和新加坡率先在本地区实现了这种规则转变,而中国新设立的科创板也已经允许上市公司采用双重股权架构。中国引进双重股权结构应当谨慎行事,如需引进可以以中国香港规则作为基础...     

The welfare cost of terrorism

Data from 117 countries over the period 2006 to 2011 are used to estimate a macroeconomic cross-country system of equations that examines the association between terrorism, self-reported life satisfaction, and national income. Results indicate that terrorism is negatively associated with life satisfaction, whereas no such association is found between terrorism and real GDP per worker. Stark contrasts are found, however, between OECD and non-OECD members. In all, our results suggest that the social costs of terrorism are potentially much higher than the economic costs, and measuring only the conventional economic costs of terrorism significantly underestimates the true costs.     

The Interaction Effects of Bargaining Power: The Interplay Between Veto Power,Asymmetric Interdependence,Reputation, and Audience Costs

In international relations, different rationalistic theories have developed to explain negotiators’ behavior and the outcomes of negotiations. The compatibility and interaction effects between the different forms of bargaining power, however, remain unexplored. In this article, I seek to fill this gap by connecting four rationalistic concepts of bargaining power: veto power, asymmetric interdependence, reputation, and audience costs. By showing that domestic veto players are only semiveto players in international politics – because they can veto an improvement but not a deterioration of the status quo – threats based on asymmetric interdependence to disrupt a mutually beneficial cooperative relationship can be connected to veto power; the incompatibility of the factors concerned would otherwise make this impossible. The combination of veto power and asymmetric interdependence, however, raises a theoretical question: Will rational actors ever approve a deterioration of the status quo? Theories of reputation and audience costs can help answer this question. According to these approaches, threatening parties suffer ex post costs when they back down from their own threats. This theoretical analysis sheds new light on how different forms of bargaining power interact with each other and also helps to address some of the theoretical inconsistencies of the original individual concepts. Finally, this analysis suggests some of the weaknesses of empirical studies that have neglected these interaction effects.     

有关财产刑的几点误识分析

自由刑和财产刑虽然都是被告人实现刑事责任的方式,但是二者有着不同的功效、目的和作用,两者不是简单的加减关系,也不是此消彼长的关系,因此二者之间不能易科;为弥补行政“追缴”、“没收”而适用财产刑的做法,无论是在实体上还是程序上都违背了法治原则;在司法实践中我们不应排斥对未成年被告人适用财产刑,应该具体情况具体分析。     

WTO体制下环境与贸易问题的协调

1992年全球环境与发展大会召开和乌拉圭回合结束后,各种环保意识、法律、规章和措施,越来越多地涉及到自然资源、人类和动植物生命及与健康有关的商品国际间流动,甚至扩展到服务贸易、技术贸易等领域,“贸易与环境”问题成为国际社会共同关注的焦点。如何推动环境保护与贸易自由化的相互协调发展,是WTO面临的重要问题。本文考察了环境保护和贸易自由的关系,对WTO的环保贸易条款进行了深入分析,并探讨了协调环境与贸易的途径。