商事登记与市场准入关系的法经济学思辨

考量商事登记与市场准入的关系,可以借助法经济学识别商事准入效率与安全的均衡性。这需要首先区别一般准入与特殊准入、民商私法与经济法之间价值定位的差异,并具化商事登记一般准入机制设置的目的及其必要性、合理性。结合对传统政府规制理论的批驳,以及对现今我国工商登记管理体制中设置过高登记门槛的反思,商事登记的制度设计应在公益与私益客观辩证关系基础上,在宏观层面的保障私权以及在最低层级上维护公共利益,并由此凸显维护公私权益衡平的现代登记理念。     

论检察机关对国家经济监管权的监督

随着“市场失灵”的出现,各国均积极履行经济监管职能,保障经济平稳运行。然而,国家经济监管权同样存在着怠行与滥用的问题,无法彰显市场与政府的良性互动。在“议行合一”的政治架构下,法律监督权作为一项独立的外部权力,应肩担防范国家经济监管权异化的重任。这是市场秩序的需要,也是分权制衡的依归,更是检察制度历史演进的使然。检察监督的路径就是加强抽象监管行为的监督,防止监管法规命令腐败,并以检察建议权、行政公诉分别监督具体监管行为的合理性与合法性。最后,以职务犯罪侦查权监督监管人员的职务行为。     

The impact of economic theories on the law in market relations

The impact of economic theories on legal development, thinking and practice is undeniable. This is particularly true for neo-classical and institutional economics. Neo-classical economics are based on model assumptions of human behaviour such as pursuit of personal advantage, individualistic goals, complete information and at the same time law obedience which are the foundations of the functioning of the market mechanisms. The assumption leads to an almost mystical belief in the self-regulatory power of the market and a strong disdain and disapproval of the State. The concepts of a minimal State and de-regulation of all social relations follow from there. This article argues that model assumptions are valid scientific tools, as long as they are not taken to reflect the real world which is populated by real people that are not necessarily behaving like homines oeconomici. Preaching de-regulation and the dismissal of the State can prove simplistic and even dangerous and may lead to financial and economic crises like the ones witnessed in recent years. Institutional economics part from these empirical findings. They do not question individualism and the pursuit of egoistic objectives of market-participants, but they insist on inherent risks of this mechanism which stems from opportunistic behaviour, lack of information and transparency and the limits of trust. Property economists deduct from there that sustainable and dynamic economic development is unthinkable without well defined property title, the distinction of property and possession and credit securities. These institutions cannot be self-regulatory but need a clear legal frame, in other words rules established by a State. Transaction costs economists understand the danger of opportunistic behaviour and a corresponding systemic lack of trust in the negotiation, conclusion and execution of contracts. They underline the necessity of institutions which are capable of limiting these dangers and thus reducing transaction costs. Institutions may be customs, informal arrangements and formal law. At the end two examples are presented-real estate transactions and post-patriarchal family relations-to test the utility of these considerations.     

试论在华跨国公司环境侵权的责任承担机制

跨国公司在华子公司因拥有法人地位,其法律责任的承担通常是依据《公司法》的规定,承担有限责任,但也不排除在特殊情形下适用公司法人格否认。由印度博帕尔案可以看出。在跨国公司子公司从事高污染、高环境风险生产经营行为的情形下,依照有限责任制度则可能给无过错的环境侵权债权人带来极大的不公正,有限责任制度的缺陷与困境尤其凸显。因此,在跨国公司环境责任的追究机制中,合理采纳法人人格否认责任制度是十分必要的,此外,美国在某些环境侵权的特定情形中将母公司纳入责任承担主体的范围,追究跨国公司“整体”责任的做法也值得借鉴。     

困境与出路:“人肉搜索”法律规制的路径探寻

"人肉搜索"自产生以来,就以其非凡的传播力与影响力,震撼着世人。一时间,大家纷纷加入人肉行列,对自己所希望窥探的信息予以"人肉",似乎整个社会陷入了毫无隐私的透明状态,这让许多人不禁恐慌起来。于是,人们开始审视"人肉搜索"的是与非,如何对其进行法律规制的问题又再次将人"肉搜索"推向了另一个高潮。     

民事诉讼指定管辖立法规定的问题与完善

从大陆法系国家有关指定管辖的一般理论以及具体立法规定的角度上看,我国现行指定管辖立法存在重大缺陷,这些缺陷涉及指定管辖行为的性质、适用范围、运行程序以及当事人申请指定管辖的权利保障等问题。立法存在的问题主要源于指定管辖立法目的与价值追求上的偏差,立法观念与立法方式上的不足。立法规定存在的问题,一旦受到现实社会诸多不当因素对民事司法活动的影响,会在较大程度上造成指定管辖司法适用上的混乱。为此,需要立法在借鉴域外大陆法系国家有关指定管辖通行理论以及立法规定的基础上,明确指定管辖应有的目标与基本价值追求,矫正对于指定管辖性质及其立法观念问题的认识,以及对于指定管辖适用程序所涉及的诸多问题进行必要的修改、完善。     

Critiquing the regulation of private security in the United Kingdom: views from inside the sector

ABSTRACT

The UK Private Security Industry Act 2001 provided the legal mechanism for the statutory regulation of parts of the private security sector with the explicit aim of reducing criminality in the industry and raising standards. It created the Security Industry Authority as the regulator which commenced operation in 2003. Since then, it has received mixed reviews, and proposals have been forwarded to change its status and the way it works. This paper provides insights from two groups most affected by regulation: security specialists who buy security, and managers and directors of security companies who are subject to regulation and work with its strengths and weaknesses. The paper reports on their views of both the existing regime and some proposed changes. It suggests that the regulator and the industry share similar views albeit there has been a lack of emphasis on what it takes to enhance the ability of the industry to support the public generally rather than just those who pay.     

后危机时代跨国银行监管制度改革之思考

金融全球化和跨国银行的大量涌现推动了全球经济和国际金融的发展,另一方面也使危机的发生和传导呈现出全球化的趋势。2008年下半年始于美国华尔街的金融危机迅速波及全球,2009年二季度以来,随着危机的缓和,经济的复苏,全球进入后危机时代。本文就从这样一个特殊时代的跨国银行监管体制入手,对跨国银行监管制度的现状和缺陷进行了分析和论证,以比较国际社会和各发达国家的跨国银行监管体制,总结其成功经验,指出其不利措施。最后,对后危机时代跨国银行监管制度应采取的改革举措进行了思考,同时期望对完善我国的银行监管体制提供参考性建议。     

拟制型的故意杀人罪，故意伤害罪——兼议我国刑法分则中的法律拟制与注意规定

我国刑法中在某些条文中有类似的规定：“犯前款罪,致人伤残、死亡的,依照本法第二百三十四条、第二百三十二条的规定定罪处罚。”这样的叙述存在于第二百三十八务、第二百四十七条、第二百四十八条、第二百八十九条、第二百九十二条、第三百三十三条之中,以上法条规定以故意杀人罪与故意伤害罪处罚,可以被称为是拟制型的故意杀人罪与故意伤害罪,即原行为并不完全符合有关故意杀人与故意伤害构成要件的规定,而以故意杀人罪与故意伤害罪进行规制。     

Agency under constraint: Ideological preferences and the politics of electricity regulation in Latin America

Whereas both the literature on globalization and the literature on regulatory diffusion stress the pressures that led to policy convergence, this article shows how the ideology of incumbents produced different regulatory outcomes, even in the face of strong financial and technological pressures that constrained policy agency. By looking at the regulatory frameworks adopted at the time of electricity privatization in Latin America, this article shows that right‐wing governments adopted regulations that eliminated barriers to entry and investment and limited the discretion of regulators (market‐conforming regulations), and that former statists who had pragmatically converted to the market creed instead chose regulations that tended to impose higher barriers to entry and investment and gave regulators wide discretion in conflict resolution and price setting (market‐controlling regulations). These findings suggest the need to look at the ideology (and ideological legacies) of government coalitions for a more nuanced understanding of the process of regulatory diffusion that took place across many sectors in most regions of the world.