论刑事诉讼中的推定规则及其在我国的确立

在刑事诉讼中,适用推定可以在一定程度上减轻控方的举证责任,适当降低证明标准,有利于诉讼的进行和举证责任的合理分配。无罪推定作为一项基本刑事诉讼原则,并不是证据规则意义上的推定,推定的适用并不违反无罪推定原则。为了实现公平举证以及促进诉讼效率,应当在我国刑事诉讼中构建完善的推定规则。     

An Evaluation Analysis of E-government Development by Local Authorities in Australia

Local governments play an important role in moving forward towards the vision of a connected and responsive e-government. This research develops a set of evaluation criteria for evaluating local council's websites. By examining the current status of the local government websites, this research provides an overview of the level of sophistication of the e-local government development in Australia. The local governments in Australia have not developed truly sophisticated e-government services. The majority of the local government websites are primarily informational and they provide one way communication of information from government to citizens.

To identify the factors affecting the level of sophistication of local council's websites, a single case study approach is employed in this research. Top leadership support and management capacity and organisational and technical challenges are considered important for e-government development. User-centric website design and bridging the digital divide also play a role in the successful implementation of e-government.     

Democratic anchorage and performance: Comparing two network approaches to land-use and transport-system development

Abstract

This paper describes two Norwegian governance networks. While both address questions about land-use and transport, the ways in which they are democratically anchored differ. Starting out from goals set for climate-friendly transport, linkages between democratic anchorage and network effectiveness are discussed. In some ways the network with the lowest stakeholder involvement, and therefore the smallest network structure, has come furthest – measures are implemented quickly and extensive resources are used to improve public transport. The other network does not have the same implementation rate or resource-use, but has shown strong efforts to mobilise and coordinate a wide set of actors. Both approaches involve important elements for reducing emissions from transport, specifically the effectiveness and toughness of one and the broader mobilisation of the other. Applying a wide set of criteria to evaluate network performance, the paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the two network structures.     

Empathy from a police work perspective

The purpose of this paper is to identify an appropriate conceptual model of empathy from the perspective of police work. This paper draws on the existing literature from two areas of research: (a) the literature describing the characteristics of the ideal police officer from a general perspective, as well as in a specifically Swedish context and (b) the literature analysing empathy as a theoretical construct. It is found that theoretical interdisciplinary approaches in the fields of social psychology and social cognitive neuroscience are relevant. The suggested conceptual model of empathy appropriate for the policing profession incorporates the typically antagonistic nature of police–citizen contacts, personal traits as expressed in interpersonal relations, and the social and cultural context. Because of the diversity and multicultural nature of modern societies, the values guiding police–citizen encounters are given special attention and related to the empathy research tradition. The proposed conceptual model of empathy aims at guiding future research in police–citizen interaction and, ultimately, supporting police practices regarding recruitment, career advancement and fieldwork.     

灰尘手印显现方法的研究

灰尘手印提取一直是现场勘察中关注的焦点,为了探索方便、快捷、有效地灰尘手印的显现方法,用“502”熏显不同客体、不同遗留时间的灰尘减层手印和灰汗混合手印,加染后用透明胶带粘取,然后透光照相。结果表明,显出手印清晰、流畅,不破坏手印。     

Defending the scientific foundations of the firearms and tool mark identification discipline: responding to recent challenges

Recent challenges have brought the discipline of firearms and tool mark identification to the forefront in recent court cases. This article reviews those challenges and offers substantial support for the scientific foundations of the firearms and tool mark identification discipline. A careful review of the available literature has revealed that firearms and tool mark identification is rooted in firm scientific foundations, critically studied according to the precepts of the scientific method culminating in the Association of Firearms and Toolmark Examiners' Theory of Identification. Firearms and tool mark identification has been validated in a manner appropriate for evidence of the kind to be expected in firearms and tool mark examinations. Proficiency tests and error rates have been studied and can provide consumers of the disciple with a useful guide as to the frequency with which misidentifications are reported in the community using appropriate methodologies and controls. As a result, the primary issues in recent challenges do not invalidate the firearms and tool mark discipline as a science nor should it detract it from its admissibility in a court of law.     

现代西方国家议会创制良法的能力——兼与现代政府立法能力相比较

对一个政治机构在制定＂良法＂方面的表现做任何评估,都必须始于对什么构成＂良法＂问题的理解。＂良法＂至少应该满足以下五个标准：它应该是基于可靠的信息基础性,具有及时性、融贯性、有效性和回应性。议会的一般性特征,即议会都是集体合议性的、代表性的、公开性和非专业性的,既是其传统的优势所在,又是局限之所在。在现代社会条件下,正是这些体现议会传统优势的定义性特征,深深地影响和制约着其在促成符合最优标准的立法的能力。     

涉人工智能犯罪中研发者主观罪过的认定

对涉人工智能犯罪中研发者主观罪过的研究和准确认定,有利于防范人工智能技术风险,促进人工智能技术发展进步。研发者设计以实施犯罪行为为主要目的的智能机器人时,对于智能机器人造成的一切严重危害社会的结果,其主观罪过应被认定为直接故意。研发者设计以实施非犯罪行为为主要目的的智能机器人时,对于智能机器人造成的严重危害社会的结果,当研发者违反了注意义务且有刑法明文规定时,其主观罪过应被认定为犯罪过失。应根据智能机器人的“智能”程度分“直接过失”、“管理过失”、“监督过失”三种类型来确定研发者犯罪过失的认定标准。     

The Word Memory Test in medicolegal assessment: a measure of effort and malingering?

The Word Memory Test (WMT) is claimed to measure effort and to detect cognitive response bias. Archival data from n = 2526 cases referred in 2009–2016 for medicolegal assessment were analyzed. Each participant underwent a medical and a psychological examination including a cognitive test battery and several validity measures including the WMT. The WMT validity test scores do not approximately follow a normal distribution. Thus, parametric statistics for WMT validity scores may not be appropriate. WMT performance explains 0–20% of the variance in cognitive test performance. This is more than what substantial brain damage accounts for. The standard uniform cutoff indicating a ‘fail’ in all three WMT effort subtests (equal or less than 82.5% correct responses) seems not supported by the data. Taking into account the context of the testing, cutoffs may be chosen according to the desired sensitivity or specificity. ROC-statistics with modified Slick criteria as gold standard for malingering look alike for the three WMT effort subtests, with a AUC between 0.86 and 0.88. The WMT seems a good indicator of both effort and (Slick) malingering, however, little is gained by administering the entire test.     

行政协议的判断标准——以“亚鹏公司案”为分析样本的展开

行政诉讼法修改之后,无论在理论上,还是实践上,行政契约都得到了肯认。但是,除了行政诉讼法上明确列举的政府特许经营协议、土地房屋征收补偿协议之外,如何判断一个合同属于行政协议,依然存在争论。要证成行政协议,"主体说"、"目的说"(公共利益)都显得苍白无力,形式意义大于实质意义。上述标准都必须结合并最终落实到"具有行政法上权利义务内容"这一个重要标准上。其在合同之中的具体体现,以往学者多拘束于行政优益权理论,而忽视了隐含在行政契约之中的行政机关对未来权力行使的事先处分与约定。这决定了行政协议与民事合同在解决纠纷上的不同理路,成为判断行政协议的根本性标准。