论外资国民待遇标准与中国外资立法政策的调适

随着经济全球化、投资自由化趋势的日益增强 ,外资国民待遇标准的处延有逐步拓展、并在形式上有专门多边条约调整的趋势。我国改革开放以来过分依赖给予外资优惠的立法政策已显现出负面影响 ,为因应国际投资自由化和我国经济转型的需要 ,我国的外资立法应采取以维护内外资公平竞争环境为价值取向的政策。     

国民待遇与经济法解释中的若干问题

加入WTO对我国形成强大冲突的,应该是其中的国民待遇.市场开放也是与国民待遇联系在一起的.而我国从计划经济转轨到市场经济,也是实现国民待遇的过程.从动态上看,我国加入WTO的机遇来自于我们应对挑战的策略.国内国民待遇的实现是实现国际竞争和应对WTO挑战的一个基础.这就要求我们在法律上要有一个改变,增加透明度、稳定性和规范性,特别是经济法在行政解释上尤其如此.     

Mental Health Court Outcomes: A Comparison of Re-Arrest and Re-Arrest Severity Between Mental Health Court and Traditional Court Participants

Mental health courts have been proliferating across the country since their establishment in the late 1990's. Although numerous advocates have proclaimed their merit, only few empirical studies have evaluated their outcomes. This paper evaluates the effect of one mental health court on criminal justice outcomes by examining arrests and offense severity from one year before to one year after entry into the court, and by comparing mental health court participants to comparable traditional criminal court defendants on these measures. Multivariate models support the prediction that mental health courts reduce the number of new arrests and the severity of such re-arrests among mentally ill offenders. Similar analysis of mental health court completers and non-completers supports the prediction that a "full dose" of mental health treatment and court monitoring produce even fewer re-arrests.     

A cluster analysis of people on Community Treatment Orders in Victoria, Australia

This paper explores the clinical, social and demographic characteristics of 164 people on Community Treatment Orders (CTOs) in one area mental health service in Victoria, Australia. The results of an exploratory cluster analysis are presented to address the question of whether people on Community Treatment Orders can be categorised into statistically reliable, qualitatively distinct groupings. The data are presented in the context of key stakeholder perspectives on the current use and purpose of CTOs. Three stable clusters emerged and each potentially reflects how social dimensions, as well as clinical issues, influence decision making regarding the implementation of CTOs. These findings are important in the context of policy and practice in Victoria, where the use of CTOs is common practice, and orders are generally made for a 12 month period. The potential for improved targeting of CTOs and more specific treatment planning is identified.     

Sentencing Using Statistical Treatment Rules: What We Don’t Know Can Hurt Us

The existing literature seriously misinterprets the available evidence on the predictability of high rate criminal offending and thus the potential value of statistical treatment rules that impose stiffer punishments on offenders with higher predicted risk of recidivism. The misinterpretation results from the failure to take account of the fact that the data used in existing risk assessment exercises come from environments characterized by informal (and sometimes formal) attempts by judges and other actors to base penal treatments on expected recidivism. Findings of little or no predictive power for baseline covariates may simply indicate the efficient use of the available information. We lay out the problem in detail, provide examples from several literatures and then consider general solutions to the problem.

未成年犯罪人非监禁处遇制度

未成年犯罪成为全球严重的社会问题,引起了世界各国的高度重视。未成年犯罪人非刑罚处遇制度作为一种针对少年违法犯罪进行特殊处理的制度,早已在世界上广泛适用。而我国由于诸多因素的影响,未成年犯罪人非刑罚处遇制度还没有形成一个统一的法律体系。在相关法律中增设专章,增加未成年犯的非监禁措施的种类,增设社会服务刑,发挥工读学校和少年法庭的积极作用,以达到有效预防及矫正未成年人犯罪的目的。     

论罪犯心理危险性分类技术——以罪犯个案矫正为视角

对罪犯的分类是作为一种适应罪犯需要的处遇方式和矫正活动。罪犯的心理危险性具有未知性、潜在性和偶发性特点。罪犯的心理危险性干预属于心理矫治的范畴,具有维护监狱的安全和秩序的价值。决定罪犯心理危险性依据主要是对罪犯以往犯罪状况所进行的预测和评估。罪犯心理危险性分类技术主要有调查分类技术和定量评价技术。     

论过度医疗侵权行为及其法律规制

过度医疗一般是指,在医疗过程中,医师对患者的疾病实施不必要的诊疗措施,致使患者的医疗费用明显超过疾病诊疗实际需求的医疗行为或医疗过程。过度医疗认定的关键,在于把握过度医疗行为与适度医疗行为的界限,并且应将其与保护性医疗和防御性医疗加以严格区分。从法律意义上讲,过度医疗是一种发生在医疗过程中的特殊民事侵权行为,是指医疗机构及其医务人员在医疗活动中,以获取一定经济利益为目的,违法实施不必要的诊疗从而造成患者明显人身、财产损害并应承担相应法律责任的行为。过度医疗侵权应适用过错推定责任进行归责。《侵权责任法》立法上将过度医疗的范围,仅局限在"实施不必要的检查",不足以充分保护患者的合法权益,立法上应进一步做出扩充解释。     

Treating alcohol-related violence: a feasibility study of a randomized controlled trial in prisons

Purpose: There is a lack of good-quality outcome evaluations of interventions for offenders whose crimes are alcohol-related. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are considered gold standard in treatment evaluations. Here, we report on a feasibility study for an RCT of an alcohol-related violence intervention, Control of Violence for Angry, Impulsive Drinkers (COVAID). Method: 115 adult male prisoners were randomly allocated to COVAID plus treatment as usual (TAU) or TAU only. Results: Most participants (84%) found COVAID useful. Reconviction data at six months were accessed for 109 (95%) participants. There were no differences between the two groups on violent reconvictions or all reconvictions at the six-month period, but at 17?months the COVAID group had 13% fewer people reconvicted for violence, and 20% fewer had reconvictions for any offence. Conclusion: The results indicate that an RCT is feasible and provides parameters for designing a full RCT. Differences in reconviction between groups favoured COVAID and were clinically important.     

Effectiveness of modified therapeutic community treatment within a medium-secure service for personality-disordered offenders

There is debate as to whether secure hospital treatment for offenders with personality disorder can be effective relative to criminal justice interventions. This study examines the evidence for long-term treatment of such offenders in hospital within in a modified therapeutic community model including accredited offending behaviour programmes. A panel sample of 47 patients were followed up on measures of violence risk (HCR-20, VRS) and symptom severity (SCL90-R). Intention-to-treat analysis with reliability thresholds showed significant positive change between assessment and discharge in both violence risk (VRS) and symptoms (SCL90-R) indicating a positive treatment effect. Threshold effects for treatment effectiveness seemed to occur at 1?year of treatment for risk and 3?years for symptom reduction.