未成年人刑事案件不公开审理:“审理时”抑或“行为时”?——对《刑事诉讼法修正案》中一个持续谬误的纠偏探讨

我国《刑事诉讼法》对未成年人刑事案件不公开审理制度予以了规定。其时点理应以"犯罪时"(即"行为时")为准,而最高人民法院2001年的相关司法解释却将其错误地确定为以"审理时"为准。这一谬误一直未受到有力的质疑,且最近的《刑事诉讼法修正案》将这一谬误予以升格性的持续。该谬误源于对未成年人刑事案件不公开审理制度基本原理的模糊认识,迫切需要得到澄清和修正。     

THE COLLABORATIVE DIVORCE PROJECT: A Court-Based Intervention for Separating Parents with Young Children

The role the legal process of separation and divorce plays in affecting outcomes for young children and their families was examined in the Collaborative Divorce Project (CDP), an intervention designed to assist the parents of children six years old or younger as they begin the separation/divorce process (married and unmarried couples). Evaluation and outcome data were collected from 161 couples, their attorneys, teachers, and court records. In addition to positive evaluations from both parents, intervention families benefited through lower conflict, greater father involvement, and better outcomes for children than the control group. Attorneys and court records indicate that intervention families were more cooperative and were less likely to need custody evaluations and other costly services. The CDP illustrates how prevention programs can be located within the courts, can be systematically evaluated, and can aid in helping the legal system function optimally for families with young children.     

精神病人受审能力影响因素研究

目的探究精神病人受审能力的影响因素。方法对在四川大学华西基础医学与法医学院法医精神病学教研室进行法医精神病学鉴定的170名被鉴定人进行受审能力评定,评定研究对象的受审能力、精神症状,收集其人口学资料、犯罪学资料,采用统计描述、t检验、χ2检验、秩和检验和logistic回归分析等方法研究精神病人受审能力的影响因素。结果BPRS的思维障碍因子、激活性因子、PANSS的P分对受审能力具有显著影响;无受审能力组病理性和不明作案动机比例较高,且与有受审能力组相比差别具有统计学意义;无受审能力组言语智商低于有受审能力组,差别具有统计学意义;无受审能力组精神分裂症比例较高,差别具有统计学意义。结论BPRS的思维障碍因子、激活性因子、PANSS的P分、言语智商、精神疾病诊断、作案动机对精神病人受审能力具有一定影响。     

审判流程管理刍议

自上世纪八十年代以来,各地法院陆续开展了审判管理改革,许多法院还制定了审判流程管理规则,但由于对审判流程管理的理论研究较少,导致部分法院审判管理方式改革带有很大的盲目性。本文从考察审判流程管理提出的时代背景入手,阐明了审判流程管理的内涵,论证了审判流程管理存在的法理基础,并结合实践提出了构建审判流程管理有效运行的制度构想。     

审判独立的内涵与制度保障

审判独立最终归结为一条根本的内在的理由 :审判权是判断权。审判独立的内容既包括法院的独立也包括法官的独立。当前我国的审判体制存在诸多漏洞 ,为保证审判独立 ,我国亟需建立的两项制度是 :法官职务固定制、法官薪俸固定制。     

论媒体审判与司法独立的冲突与协调

媒体审判现象是媒体与司法对立冲突的折射,从媒体的监督职能、司法独立的特性等角度对这一现象进行深入认识是遏制其发生的前提。同时,媒体与司法两者之间的合理协调,促进二者之间的良性互动,是实现媒体自由和司法独立的必然选择,也是一个值得长期关注和讨论的课题。因此,必须以系统性的视角对媒体审判进行规制。     

浅议庭审直播

庭审直播作为一种司法公开化的特殊的审判方式,在各地已经频频出现,但在法学界存在争议。庭审直播是司法公开化的一项重要举措。在中国特定国情和当前的民主法治进程中,有选择、有限制地庭审直播,具有可行性和积极意义。当然,对其弊端则要采取措施,加以克服。     

Extending the Reach of Human Rights to Encompass Victims of Rape: M.C. V. Bulgaria

This note analyses a recent case of the European Court of Justice in which the applicant, a 14-year old rape victim, alleged that Bulgarian criminal law violated her rights under Articles 3 and 8 of the European Convention of Human Rights in pursuing a practice of only prosecuting rape where there was evidence of the use of physical force and active resistance. In upholding the applicant’s claims, the Court re-affirmed the positive obligation on states to adopt measures to ensure that fundamental rights under the Convention were secured. In particular, in the case of rape, this required the enactment and application of criminal laws effectively prescribing all acts of non-consensual sex and not just those involving physical violence. In this way the Court affirmed not only that rape was, in essence, a violation of personal sexual autonomy but also that legal systems which failed adequately to protect against all forms of rape risked operating in breach of Convention obligations.Application no. 39272/98, 4 December 2003.     

取保候审制度定位之思考

取保候审制度作为我国替代羁押的主要措施,其作用未得到充分有效的发挥,导致司法实践中审前羁押的大量存在,严重损害了犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的合法权益。本文对我国的取保候审制度的定位进行思考,并借鉴英美法系国家的保释制度,提出重新确立我国的取保候审制度的定位,使取保候审成为犯罪嫌疑人、被告人所享有的一项权利。